Traffic - Ouraimono

A general term for elementary school textbooks used from the late Heian to the early Meiji period. It is also simply called "orai." Originally, orai was a name derived from the format in which a number of pairs of letters were compiled, but in the early modern period, almost all materials used as elementary school textbooks came to be called oraimono. Orai from the late Heian to the Muromachi period are collectively called "koorai." Some representative examples of these, based on the format of their compilation, include the Meigō Orai (Heian period, 27 letters), which collected a wide variety of pairs of letters exchanged back and forth; the Jūnigetsu Orai (Kamakura period), which collected two letters exchanged per month and 24 model letters exchanged per year; the Zōhitsu Orai (Kamakura period, 33 articles, 453 phrases), which collected a large number of words and phrases used in letters and intended to provide a foundation for studying them; the Teikin Orai (Muromachi period, 25 letters over 12 months), which alternated between letters and their detailed explanations to make learning easier; and the Fujino Orai (Muromachi period), which consisted of a variety of writing styles other than letters. In this way, the Koorai gradually took on a more practical form and content as an elementary school textbook, and its target audience expanded from the original children of aristocrats and priests (Soryo) to include children of samurai from the Middle Ages onwards, and it became more practical. There are also many examples, such as the "Teikinourai," that continued to be used in temple schools in the early modern period (there were about 170 versions of the "Teikinourai" published in the Edo period).

In the Edo period, the spread of terakoya schools as educational institutions for the general public and the increase in the student population led to a dramatic increase in the variety of publications and the number of copies published, and the content became more diverse as educational ideas were added. Next, we will roughly classify them by content (subject) and provide examples of representative examples.

(1) Japanese Language Department The correspondence books collectively known as "Jitsukushi" and "Nayose" were aimed at the study of vocabulary (kanji) closely related to daily life and productive activities, and included various works such as "Nanatsuiroha," "Kobo Jitsun," "Dogaku Manyo Jitsun," "Hyakukan Natukushi," "Yorozuhana Tsukushi," and "Myoji Orai." In addition to "Iroha Bunsho," which was a collection of practical short sentences frequently used in daily life, there were also correspondence books that collected examples of writing for samurai and common people, and "Shosoku Orai" and "Fugetsu Orai," which were compilations of various letter models.

(2) Moral Teachings: These include "Jitsugyo-kyo and Doji-kyo," "Imagawa-jo," "Koyoko Orai," and "Terako Moral Teachings."

(3) Geography: These included the “Nihon Kuni Tsukushi” which listed the names of all the provinces in Japan, the “Tokaido Orai” and the “Nakasendo Orai” which gave information about the highways and their post stations, as well as the “Edo Orai”, “Miyako Meisho Orai”, “Tatsuta Pilgrimage”, and “Kamakura Pilgrimage”.

(4) Industry: For temple schools in cities, there were "Business Traffic," "Wholesaler Traffic," "Greengrocer Traffic," "Bookstore Traffic," and "Carpenter Traffic," while for temple schools in farming and fishing villages, there were "Country Traffic," "Agricultural Traffic," and "Shipmen Traffic," as well as "Various Occupations Traffic," "Pawnbroker Traffic," and even "Brokerage Traffic," etc., according to the needs of each profession.

In addition to these, there is a wide variety of early modern correspondence, including those related to annual events, collections of laws and notices, biographies, and historical poems. In particular, there are many correspondence related to geography and industry that were compiled based on the actual conditions of the local community. These show the diverse and rich development of early modern temple school education as an education for the common people. Many correspondence for girls were also published.

[Komata Noriaki]

"Ishikawa Ken and Ishikawa Shotaro (eds.), "Japanese Textbook Series: Travels" (1977, Kodansha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

平安後期から明治初期にかけて用いられた初等教科書の総称。単に「往来」ともいう。往来とは最初、往復一対の手紙文をいくつも集めて編まれた形式に由来する名称であったが、近世ではおよそ初等教科書として用いられるものをすべて往来物とよぶようになった。平安後期から室町時代にかけての往来を「古往来」と総称する。その代表的なものを編纂(へんさん)形式によって例示すれば、種々さまざまな往復一対の手紙文を収録した『明衡(めいごう)往来』（平安時代。書状27通）、1か月往復2通、1年で24通の模範的手紙文を集めた『十二月(じゅうにげつ)往来』（鎌倉時代）、手紙文に用いられる語句を多数集めて、手紙文学習の基礎を与えることを意図した『雑筆(ぞうひつ)往来』（鎌倉時代。33条目453句）、手紙文とそれについての詳細な解説とを交互に配列して学習の便を図った『庭訓(ていきん)往来』（室町時代。書状12か月25通）、手紙文以外のさまざまな文型からなる『富士野(ふじの)往来』（室町時代）などがある。このように古往来はしだいに初等教科書としての形式・内容を整えていき、その対象も当初の貴族・僧侶(そうりょ)の子弟に加えて、中世以降、武士の子弟も含まれるようになり、実用的色彩を強めていく。また『庭訓往来』をはじめとして、近世の寺子屋においても引き続き用いられた例も少なくない（江戸時代刊行の『庭訓往来』は約170種類）。

　江戸時代になると、庶民教育機関としての寺子屋の普及と学習人口の増加によって、往来物の種類も出版部数も飛躍的に増加し、内容にも学習上のくふうが加えられ多様化していく。次にそれらを内容（教科）によって大まかに分類し、代表的なものを例示する。

(1)国語科　「字尽(じつくし)」や「名寄(なよせ)」と総称される往来は、日常生活や生産活動に関係深い語彙(ごい)（漢字）の学習を目的とするもので、『七ツいろは』、『弘法(こうぼう)字尽』『童学萬用(どうがくまんよう)字尽』『百官名尽(ひゃっかんなつくし)』『万花(よろずはな)つくし』『名字(みょうじ)往来』などさまざまなものがあった。日常生活に多用される実用的な短文を集めた『伊呂波(いろは)文章』などのほか、武家用文章や庶民用文章の模範を集めた往来もあり、また『消息(しょうそく)往来』、『風月往来』のように種々の手紙文の範型を編集したものもあった。

(2)教訓科　『実語教・童子(どうじ)教』『今川状』『孝行往来』『寺子教訓書』など。

(3)地理科　全国の国名を列挙した『日本国尽(くにつくし)』、街道とその宿駅の知識を与える『東海道往来』『中山道(なかせんどう)往来』などのほか、『江戸往来』『都名所往来』『竜田詣(たつたもうで)』『鎌倉詣』などがあった。

(4)産業科　都市の寺子屋向けに『商売往来』『問屋(といや)往来』『八百屋(やおや)往来』『本屋往来』『大工番匠(ばんしょう)往来』、農漁村の寺子屋向けに『田舎(でんしゃ)往来』『農業往来』『船方(ふなかた)往来』、そのほか『諸職往来』『質屋往来』から『娼家(しょうか)往来』などに至るまで、職業ごとの需要に応じた諸種の往来が用意されていた。

　このほか年中行事に関するもの、法度(はっと)や触書(ふれがき)を集めたもの、伝記や史詩など、近世の往来物は多種多様であり、とくに地理、産業に関する往来には地域社会の実情に即して編まれたものも少なくない。これらは庶民教育としての近世寺子屋教育の多様で充実した展開を物語っている。また女子用の往来も多数出版されていた。

［小股憲明］

『石川謙・石川松太郎編『日本教科書大系　往来編』（1977・講談社）』

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