electrification

…An object originally carries equal amounts of positive and negative charges, but when that balance is disturbed for some reason, it becomes charged with an excess of positive or negative charges. This is called electrification, and can occur for a variety of reasons, including contact between insulators or between an insulator and a conductor (contact electrification), friction between these (friction electrification), the flow of insulating liquids or high-resistance powders through pipes (flow electrification), the crushing of solids (crushing electrification), the freezing of liquids (freezing electrification), and the ejection of liquids or powders (ejection electrification). When artificially electrifying objects for practical purposes, methods such as the bombardment of unipolar ions by corona discharge, the induction of charges by electrostatic induction, and controlled contact electrification are widely used, and for research purposes, irradiation with ultraviolet rays, X-rays, electron beams, ion beams, etc. are also used.

*Some terminology explanations that mention "electrification" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…物体は本来正負等量の電荷を有しているが，なんらかの原因でその平衡がやぶれたとき，正または負電荷の過剰分だけ電気を帯びる。これを帯電electrificationといい，絶縁物どうし，または絶縁物と導体の接触(接触帯電)，これらの間の摩擦(摩擦帯電)，絶縁性液体や高抵抗粉体のパイプ中の流動(流動帯電)，固体の破砕(破砕帯電)，液体の凍結(凍結帯電)，液体や粉体の噴出(噴出帯電)など種々の原因で発生する。とくに応用を目的として人為的に物体を帯電させる場合には，コロナ放電による単極性イオンの射突，静電誘導による電荷の誘起，制御された接触帯電などが広く用いられ，研究用には紫外線，X線，電子ビーム，イオンビームなどの照射が用いられることもある。…

※「electrification」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報