…Originally a Greek word meaning “see” or “appearance” or “shape” in response to the verb idein (to see). In Platonic philosophy, it was used to refer to “true existence” along with “eidos” (which also has the same root and synonym), and Plato’s theory on this is called the theory of ideas. However, it was only after Aristotle that “idea” and “eidos” were fixed as philosophical terms in that sense, and Plato himself did not use them uniformly as technical terms. … From [Seed]…It was necessary for the wisdom of life to distinguish useful and harmful organisms from similar ones. Aristotle defined species as a group of similar individuals that could not be divided any further, and expressed it as eidos. He called a group of species a genus, and when describing each species, the genus part describes the common characteristics and the species part describes the individual characteristics. … From [Western Philosophy]...This idea is a supernatural, transtemporal entity that transcends physis, which comes into being and disappears, and remains the same forever. In Plato's view, all beings are a combination of form (eidos) and matter (hyle), but what determines the "what" of an entity is the form, which shares in the idea and is, so to speak, its image. Therefore, the "what" of an entity (essence) is itself resistant to change, and it is the material part that comes into being and disappears. ... From [Philosophy]...In today's terms, this means that the "goodness" of the spiritual subjectivity of individuals and national communities was sought. "Goodness" means the way things should be, that is, goodness and beauty (kalocagatia), but in Plato, goodness and beauty were defined as "idea" or "eidos." Idea and eidos both come from the verb "idein" to see, and therefore mean "what is seen," and therefore the "shape" or "appearance" of what is seen. *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "eidos" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…もともとは動詞idein(見る)に対応して〈みめ〉〈姿〉〈形〉を意味するギリシア語。プラトン哲学において〈エイドスeidos〉(この語も同根同義)とともに〈真実在〉を指すのに用いられ,これに関するプラトンの学説がイデア論と呼ばれる。ただし,〈イデア〉や〈エイドス〉がその意味での哲学用語として固定化されたのはアリストテレス以降のことであり,プラトン自身は専門用語として統一的に使用しているわけではない。… 【種】より…有用,有害な生物を近似のものから区別することは必要な生活の知恵だったからである。アリストテレスは種をよく似た個体の集りで,それ以上細かく分けられないようなグループと定義し,エイドスeidosという語で表した。そして種の集りを属とし,個々の種について記載するときには,属の部分で共通の特徴を,種では個別の特徴を述べるようにした。… 【西洋哲学】より…このイデアは生成消滅するフュシスを超越して,永遠に同一でありつづける超自然的超時間的存在者である。そして,プラトンの考えでは,すべての存在者は〈形相(エイドスeidos)〉と〈質料=素材(ヒュレhylē)〉の結合体なのであるが,その存在者の〈何であるか〉を規定するのは,イデアを分有し,いわばその模像である形相である。したがって,存在者の〈何であるか(本質)〉はそれ自体では変化をまぬがれており,生成消滅するのはその質料的部分だということになる。… 【哲学】より…それは今日の言葉でいえば,個人や国家共同体の,精神的主体性の〈よさ〉が求められたということである。〈よさ〉とは,あるべき姿,すなわち善美であること(カロカガティア)であるが,プラトンにおいて,善や美は,〈イデアidea〉あるいは〈エイドスeidos〉とせられた。イデアあるいはエイドスとは,ともに〈見るidein〉という動詞に由来し,〈見られたもの〉を,したがって見られたものの〈かたち(形)〉,あるいは〈すがた(相)〉を意味する。… ※「eidos」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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