An annual plant of the mulberry family. Sometimes it is classified as a separate family, Cannabaceae. It is now widely cultivated in tropical and temperate regions. It can reach a height of 3m, and the stem has a rectangular cross section with ridges. The leaves grow opposite each other at the bottom of the stem, but alternate at the top. The leaves are palmately compound with long petioles, and have 3-11 leaflets with coarse sawtooth and densely hairy undersides. It is dioecious and blooms in summer. The seeds contain about 30% oil and are used for food and bird feed. Fibers are extracted from the stems and have long been used to make hemp thread and woven into cloth. The leaves and flowers contain anesthetic substances (such as cannabin), which are used to make marijuana, and are refined to make sedatives and sleeping pills. Indian plants contain a particularly high amount of cannabinoids. It is said to be native to Central Asia or the southern part of the former Soviet Union. In China, the name appears in the Book of Songs and other works. It is said to have existed in Egypt around 5000 BCE, and there is evidence that it was used in Europe in the Neolithic period. In Japan, hemp has been discovered in Yayoi period ruins (such as the Toro ruins). It has continued to be used as an important material for clothing. To distinguish it from flax and ramie, it is called taima. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
クワ科の一年草。独立させてアサ科とすることもある。現在では熱帯,温帯に広く栽培されている。草丈は 3mにも及び,稜があって茎の断面は四角形。葉は茎の下部では対生するが,上部では互生に変る。長い葉柄のある掌状複葉で,小葉は3~11枚,あらい鋸歯があり裏面に細かい毛が密生する。雌雄異株で,夏に開花する。種子は 30%ほどの油を含み,食用や鳥の飼料などに用いる。茎から繊維をとり,昔から麻糸とし,また織って布として使われている。葉や花に麻酔物質 (カンナビンなど) を含み,マリファナをつくるほか,精製して鎮静剤,睡眠薬などをつくる。特にインド産のものが含量が多い。原産地は中央アジア,あるいは旧ソ連南部あたりといわれる。中国では『詩経』などにその名称が出ている。エジプトでは前 5000年頃にすでにあったといわれ,ヨーロッパでも新石器時代には用いられていた証拠がある。日本では弥生時代の遺跡 (たとえば登呂遺跡) などから発見された。その後も麻は重要な衣料として用いられている。アマ (亜麻)やラミーと区別するため大麻 (タイマ) という。
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