Signs - Encho

…However, all countries, which had no choice but to adopt a policy of enriching the country and strengthening the military, imposed an excessive burden on the peasants. The basis of taxation was the two-tax system that had been in place since the mid-Tang Dynasty, but the number of additional taxes on the two taxes, called "ancho" taxes, was so great that it caused hardship for the peasants. There were many types of anchorages, such as cowhide coins, bridge road coins, agricultural implement coins, koji coins, salt coins, worn rice (sparrow mouse waste), hemp shoe coins, and official coins. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "signature" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…しかし，富国強兵策をとらざるをえないいずれの国々も農民に対しては過重な負担を強いた。税役の基本は唐中期以来の両税法であったが，沿徴と呼ばれる両税に対する付加税の数がすこぶる多く農民を苦しめた。沿徴には，牛皮銭，橋道銭，農器銭，麴（きく）銭，塩銭，加耗米(雀鼠耗)，麻鞋銭，公用銭など多種があった。…

※「沿徴」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報