An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl), also known as hydrochloric acid or brine. It is the main component of gastric acid secreted from the stomach of vertebrates. It is produced by absorbing hydrogen chloride into water. In industry, it is usually produced by directly reacting the chlorine produced during the electrolysis of salt water with hydrogen, and absorbing the resulting hydrogen chloride into water; this is called synthetic hydrochloric acid (see for the equipment used to produce synthetic hydrochloric acid). Most of the hydrochloric acid used as a reagent is synthetic. Currently, in the organic synthetic chemical industry, hydrogen chloride is produced as a by-product during the chlorination of various organic compounds, and this is absorbed to produce hydrochloric acid. This is called by-product hydrochloric acid, and is often colored due to impurities.Concentrated hydrochloric acid is usually called concentrated hydrochloric acid when its concentration is 35% or more. In the JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), 37% or more is called No. 1, 36-37% is called No. 2, and 35-36% is called No. 3. The container is a 27-30 kg rattan or earthenware bottle, and tank cars are also used. It is a colorless solution with a pungent odor, and concentrated hydrochloric acid smokes in moist air. Commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid contains about 37% hydrogen chloride. The boiling point varies depending on the concentration, and at 1 atmosphere, the maximum boiling point is 108.58°C at 20.2%. 20.2% hydrochloric acid is an azeotropic mixture that has a constant boiling point like a pure substance, even though it is a mixture, and 108.58°C is the azeotropic point. The specific gravity of hydrochloric acid increases with increasing concentration, and there is a relationship between the concentration c (%) and the specific gravity d , approximately c = 200( d -1). Concentrated hydrochloric acid diluted with an equal amount of water (approximately 6 mol/L) or a similar concentration is simply called hydrochloric acid, and when it is further diluted it is often called dilute hydrochloric acid. It is a strong acid that ionizes at 79.0% for a 1 molar solution (18°C) and 92.6% for a 0.1 molar solution (18°C). Industrial hydrochloric acid is often colored yellow because it contains a small amount of dissolved iron salt. Chemically, it does not react much with nonmetallic elements, but reacts with metals other than gold, silver, and the platinum group to generate hydrogen. It reacts with copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt when heated. It reacts with metal oxides to generate chlorides. It is oxidized by oxidizing agents such as dichromate and permanganate to generate chlorine. Hydrochloric acid generates hydrogen chloride when sulfuric acid is added dropwise to concentrated hydrochloric acid, and this reaction is suitable for producing pure hydrogen chloride in the laboratory. It is used as a reagent in the laboratory, and industrially in the steel industry and in the manufacture of various chlorides and pigments. It also has a wide range of uses, including the production of medicines and seasonings (amino acid soy sauce, monosodium glutamate) (the largest consumption in Japan), and the saccharification of starch. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is a powerful drug, so it must be handled with care. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] [Reference item] |©Shogakukan "> Synthetic hydrochloric acid manufacturing equipment (Diagram) ©Shogakukan "> Relationship between concentration and specific gravity of hydrochloric acid Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
塩化水素HClの水溶液で、塩化水素酸、鹹水酸(かんすいさん)ともいう。脊椎(せきつい)動物の胃から分泌される胃酸の主要成分となっている。塩化水素を水に吸収させて製造する。工業的には、食塩水の電解に際して生成する塩素と水素とを直接反応させ、生じた塩化水素を水に吸収させてつくるのが普通で、これを合成塩酸という(合成塩酸の製造装置については を参照)。試薬として用いられるものは、ほとんどが合成塩酸である。また現在では、有機合成化学工業で各種有機化合物の塩素化に際して塩化水素を副生するので、これを吸収させてつくる。これを副生塩酸といい、不純物のため着色していることが多い。普通、濃度35%以上のものを濃塩酸という。JIS(ジス)(日本工業規格)では、37%以上を1号、36~37%を2号、35~36%を3号とよんでいる。容器は27~30キログラム入り籐(とう)巻き瓶または土瓶で、タンク車なども用いられる。無色、刺激臭のある溶液で、濃塩酸は湿った空気中で発煙する。市販の濃塩酸は、塩化水素を約37%含む。沸点は濃度によって異なり、1気圧では20.2%のとき最高沸点108.58℃を示す。20.2%の塩酸は、混合物でありながら純物質のように一定の沸点をもつ共沸混合物で、108.58℃は共沸点である。塩酸の比重は、濃度が増すとともに大きくなり、濃度c(%)と比重dとの間には、およそc=200(d-1)の関係がある。通常の濃塩酸を等量の水で希釈した塩酸(約6mol/L)およびそれに近い濃度のものを単に塩酸といい、これをさらに希釈したものを希塩酸ということが多い。1モル溶液は79.0%(18℃)、0.1モル溶液は92.6%(18℃)電離する強酸である。工業用の塩酸は、微量の鉄塩を溶かしているなどのため、黄色に着色していることが多い。化学的には、非金属元素とはあまり反応しないが、金、銀、白金族以外の金属と反応して水素を発生する。銅、鉄、ニッケル、コバルトなどは、加熱すれば反応する。金属酸化物と反応して塩化物をつくる。二クロム酸塩や過マンガン酸塩などの酸化剤により酸化されて、塩素を発生する。濃塩酸に硫酸を滴加すると塩化水素を発生するが、この反応は、実験室で純粋な塩化水素をつくるのに適している。実験室において試薬として使われるほか、工業的には製鉄工業用、各種塩化物や色素の製造に用いられる。また、医薬品や調味料(アミノ酸しょうゆ、グルタミン酸ナトリウム)の製造(日本ではこの消費量がもっとも多い)、デンプンの糖化など、きわめて広い用途をもつ。濃塩酸は劇薬であるから、取扱いに注意を要する。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 合成塩酸の製造装置〔図〕 ©Shogakukan"> 塩酸の濃度と比重の関係 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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