Contravention

Japanese: contravention
Contravention

A classification of crimes according to their severity. Historically, there were legal systems, such as the English common law system, that classified major natural crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, theft, and arson as felonies (which carried the death penalty) and other crimes as misdemeanors. Today, however, it is common to classify crimes uniformly based on whether they are punishable by imprisonment for a certain period of time (for example, one year in most parts of the United States and Germany, five years in France). (In France, a trichotomy is used that adds a lowest category, "contravention," to the above two categories.) The significance of this classification is that there are certain differences in the treatment and effects of substantive law depending on whether the crime is classified as a felony or a misdemeanor (or a misdemeanor) (for example, in Germany and France, even attempted felonies are always punishable, and the sentence for a felony naturally has the effect of depriving public authority), as well as the courts with jurisdiction and the methods and requirements for legal proceedings (for example, in France, a two-stage pretrial hearing is required to bring a felony case to trial, and in many parts of the United States, indictments for felonies must be made by a grand jury decision).

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "contravention" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…犯罪をその罪質の軽重により区分した分類。歴史的には,イギリスのコモン・ローのように,殺人,強姦,強盗,窃盗,放火等の――死刑等の重刑にあたる――主要な自然犯を重罪とし,それ以外の罪を軽罪とする法制もあったが,今日では,一定の刑期(例えば,アメリカの多くの地域やドイツでは1年,フランスでは5年)以上の拘禁刑にあたるか否かを基準に,一律にこれを区分するのが通常である(なお,フランスでは,この両者に〈違警罪contravention〉という最下位の範疇を加えた三分法が用いられている)。 この分類の意義は,重罪・軽罪(または違警罪)のいずれに属するかにより,実体法上の取扱いや効果に一定の差異が認められること(例えば,ドイツやフランスでは,重罪については未遂もつねに可罰的とされ,また,重罪での刑の言渡しは当然に公権剝奪の効果を伴う)に加え,管轄裁判所や訴訟手続上の方式・要件などがはっきりと異なる(例えば,フランスでは,重罪事件を公判に付するためには,2段階の予審手続を経ることが必要であり,また,アメリカの多くの地域でも,重罪の起訴は必ず大陪審の決定によらなければならない)という点にある。…

※「contravention」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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