Deduction

Japanese: 演繹 - えんえき(英語表記)deduction
Deduction

Inferring the particular from the general based solely on its form. In other words, in deduction, if the premises are true, the conclusion must necessarily be true. This is how it differs from induction, which infers the general from the particular. The main task of logic is to clarify the concrete structure of deduction. For example, a typical syllogism derives the conclusion "All Japanese are human" from two premises, "All Asians are human" (major premise) and "All Japanese are Asian" (minor premise), but this inference, or deduction, is correct not because of the meaning or content of the premises or conclusion, but because of its form. The deduction is also correct if "Americans" are used instead of "Japanese."

In the West, it was, of course, the Greek Aristotle who first understood deduction, or logic, in this way and summarized it, albeit within the limited framework of a syllogism. After that, Aristotelian syllogism was the mainstream of logic in the West, but at the end of the 19th century, a new logic was born in conjunction with the development of mathematics, especially set theory, and now various forms of deduction that go far beyond the scope of syllogism are being actively studied in conjunction with mathematics as mathematical logic.

[Arata Ishimoto]

[Reference] | Induction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般から特殊をその形式のみに基づいて推論すること。いいかえると、演繹においては、前提が真であれば、結論も必然的に真とならなければならない。これが、特殊から一般を推論する帰納(きのう)との相違である。そして、論理学のおもな任務は、演繹の具体的構造を解明することにほかならない。たとえば、「すべてのアジア人は人間である」(大前提)、「すべての日本人はアジア人である」(小前提)という二つの前提から、「すべての日本人は人間である」という結論を導き出すのは典型的な三段論法であるが、この推論、すなわち演繹が正しいのは、前提や結論の意味内容によってではなく、その形式による。「日本人」のかわりに「アメリカ人」としても、正しい演繹なのである。

 西洋では、演繹、すなわち論理学をこのようにとらえ、三段論法という限られた枠内においてではあったが、それをいちおうまとめあげたのは、いうまでもなくギリシアのアリストテレスであった。その後、西洋ではアリストテレス式三段論法が論理学の主流であったが、19世紀末になると、数学、とくに集合論の発達と相まって新しい論理学が生まれ、現在では三段論法の範囲をはるかに超えるいろいろの形式の演繹が、数理論理学として、数学と結び付いて盛んに研究されている。

[石本 新]

[参照項目] | 帰納

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Enka - Enka

>>:  Long distance swimming

Recommend

Columnar Liquid Crystal - Enchuujo Ekisho

...The thickness (pitch) of the layers rotated ex...

Relocation - Relocation

...a lining placed on a dish when serving food. I...

Utsunomiya Toan

Year of death: October 10, 6th year of the Hoei pe...

Coagulation - Gyoketsu (English spelling)

This refers to the process in which colloidal par...

Genba dormitory

〘Noun〙 One of the government offices under the Rit...

Kawasaki Shipyard

Alongside Mitsubishi Shipyard, Kawasaki is one of...

Kazuo Itoga

A practitioner of education for intellectually di...

Hygrophila lancea (Thunb.) Miq.

A perennial plant of the Acanthaceae family found ...

Former clan daimyo - Kyuzoku daimyo

...It also means one or another servant. [Classif...

Food-carrying group - Emochimure

…For example, a school of whale sharks is called ...

Tokugawa Ieshige

Year of death: June 12, 1761 (July 13, 1761) Year ...

Esch-sur-Alzette

An industrial city in southwestern Luxembourg alon...

Ergon - Elgon

…However, since he also assumes a “pure form” or ...

Iron Man

1. A superhero who appears in comic magazines publ...

Yuqing Zhaoying Palace (English: Yuqing Zhaoying Palace)

A large palace built in 1014 (7th year of the Dazh...