Ruff (English spelling) Philomachus pugnax; ruff

Japanese: エリマキシギ(英語表記)Philomachus pugnax; ruff
Ruff (English spelling) Philomachus pugnax; ruff
Charadriiformes, Scolopacidae. Total length males 29-32cm, females 22-26cm. The color of summer plumage (→ plumage) differs between sexes. In summer plumage, the legs, beak, and bare area around the eyes of males are mostly orange. There is a tufted crest (→ crest) on the head, and a tufted collar-like ornamental feather on the neck. These vary from individual to individual, with black, chestnut, white, mottled, and other colors, as well as different combinations of colors on the head and collar. The back feathers are pale black to chestnut brown with scaly edges. In females, the cephalothorax is pale yellowish brown, and the back and upper wings are black with yellowish brown edges, creating a scaly pattern. A few males have plumage similar to the females. The males' winter plumage is similar to the females. They breed in the tundra grasslands of the high latitudes of Eurasia. Males gather in set locations, each deciding on a territory, displaying their ornamental feathers and mating with any females they attract (→ leks). Dominant males mate with many females. Taking advantage of the males' habit of not chasing away females, males that resemble females may invade other males' territories and mate with the females there. They are migratory birds that spend the winter in western and southern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, southern South Asia and the southeastern tip of Australia. Japan is a stopover point on their spring and autumn migration, and they migrate to wetlands, rice fields and tidal flats, feeding on invertebrates (→ wading birds).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
チドリ目シギ科。全長雄 29~32cm,雌 22~26cm。夏羽(→羽衣)の羽色は雌雄で異なる。夏羽の雄は脚と嘴,眼のまわりの裸域は大部分がオレンジ色。頭上には房状の冠羽(→羽冠)があり,頸には房状になった襟状の飾り羽がある。これらは黒色や栗色,白色,まだら模様などのほか,頭部と襟で異なる色の組み合わせになるなど個体により変異がある。背面は各羽の縁の色が淡い黒色から栗色でうろこ模様になる。雌は頭胸部は淡黄褐色,背,翼上面は各羽が黄褐色の縁のある黒色で,うろこ模様をつくる。雄には,雌に似た羽色の個体もわずかにいる。雄の冬羽は雌に似る。ユーラシア大陸の高緯度地方のツンドラ草原で繁殖する。雄は決まった場所に集まり,それぞれなわばりを決め,飾り羽を立ててディスプレイをし,ひきつけた雌と交尾する(→レック)。有力な雄は多くの雌と交尾する。雄が雌を追い払わない習性を利用して,雌に似た雄がほかの雄のなわばりに侵入し,そこにいる雌と交尾することもある。渡り鳥で,ヨーロッパ西部,南部,アフリカのサハラ砂漠以南,アラビア半島から南アジア南部,オーストラリア南東端で越冬する。日本は春秋の渡りの中継地で,湿地や水田,干潟などに渡来し,無脊椎動物を食べる。(→渉禽類)

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