Inulin - Inulin (English spelling)

Japanese: イヌリン - いぬりん(英語表記)inulin
Inulin - Inulin (English spelling)

Inulin is a type of storage polysaccharide found mainly in Asteraceae plants (such as Jerusalem artichoke tubers, dahlia tuberous roots, and thistle roots). Approximately 40% of the dry weight of dahlia bulbs is inulin, and the percentage varies slightly depending on the season, with the highest content in early spring. Inulin precipitates when the bulbs are crushed and extracted with hot water, and the liquid is cooled. It is a white, tasteless, spherical crystal that dissolves relatively easily in water. It is thought to serve the role of storing energy in plants, similar to starch. It was already discovered in the rhizomes of Eulaca in 1804, and has a long history of research. Inulin is structured as 20 to 40 fructose units polymerized with β-1,2-bonds, and one glucose is connected to the reducing end of the fructose chain with α-1,1-bonds, just like sucrose. Its molecular weight is about 5,000. When heated with an acid or treated with an enzyme called inulase, it is hydrolyzed to become entirely fructose. For example, at pH 1 and 37°C, about 80% of fructose is decomposed in a few hours to produce D-fructose and oligosaccharides, but at pH 3, it is hardly decomposed at all.

Inulin is harmless, and when administered to the body, it freely passes through the blood vessel walls and diffuses into the extracellular fluid, but cannot pass through the cell membrane, making it a suitable substance for measuring the volume of extracellular fluid. It is also used to test the glomerular filtration capacity of the kidneys.

In addition, animals have inulase (inulinase) that hydrolyzes inulin, so plants such as Asteraceae that contain inulin can be used as feed, but the human body does not contain this enzyme, so it is not hydrolyzed and is instead used as a reagent, as mentioned above.

[Takashi Muramatsu]

[Reference] | Clearance

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

貯蔵多糖類の一種で、おもにキク科植物(キクイモの塊茎、ダリアの塊根、アザミの根など)に存在する。ダリアの球根の乾燥重量の約4割はイヌリンで、その割合は季節によって若干変動があり、早春にもっとも含有量が高い。球根をすりつぶして熱水で抽出し、その液を冷やすと、イヌリンの沈殿が得られる。白色、無味の球状結晶で、比較的水に溶けやすい。植物体内ではデンプンと同様に、エネルギーを蓄える役目をもつと考えられている。1804年にオグルマの根茎からすでにみいだされており、研究の歴史は古い。イヌリンの構造は、フルクトース(果糖)がβ(ベータ)-1・2-結合で20~40個重合し、フルクトース鎖の還元末端に1個のグルコースがショ糖と同様にα(アルファ)-1・1-結合でつながっている。分子量は約5000。酸とともに加熱するか、イヌラーゼという酵素を作用させると、加水分解して全部フルクトースとなる。たとえば、pH1で37℃の場合、数時間で80%程度分解され、D-フルクトースと少糖類を生ずるが、pH3ではほとんど分解されない。

 イヌリンは無害で、生体に投与すると血管壁を自由に通過して細胞外液中に拡散するが、細胞膜は通過できないので、細胞外液量を測定するのに適した物質である。また、腎臓(じんぞう)の糸球体濾過(ろか)能力の試験にも利用される。

 なお、動物にはイヌリンを加水分解するイヌラーゼ(イヌリナーゼ)があるので、イヌリンを含むキク科植物などは飼料になるが、人体にはこの酵素がないので、加水分解されず、前述のように試薬として使われる。

[村松 喬]

[参照項目] | クリアランス

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