An index that quantitatively indicates the anti-knock properties of gasoline. The higher the octane number, the higher the anti-knock properties. Modern high-performance gasoline engines use a high compression ratio (about 8 or more) to improve thermal efficiency, but in high compression ratio engines, if the gasoline components are inappropriate, abnormal combustion called knocking is likely to occur, which reduces power and causes engine damage. Therefore, in order to avoid this problem, gasoline must have the property of not easily causing knocking, and this property is called anti-knock properties. To express this quantitatively, isooctane, which has extremely high anti-knock properties, is given an octane number of 100, and normal heptane, which has extremely low anti-knock properties, is given an octane number of 0, and the volume percentage of isooctane in a mixture of these two standard fuels is used to determine the octane number. For example, the octane number of a standard fuel mixture of 90% isooctane and 10% normal heptane is 90. The anti-knock properties of sample gasoline are compared with those of standard fuels of various octane numbers in an engine for measuring octane numbers called a CFR engine, and the octane number of the sample gasoline is measured. There are two methods of measurement for automobile gasoline: the research method (F-1 method, mainly indicates performance at low speeds) and the motor method (F-2 method, mainly indicates performance at high speeds), with the research method being used in Japanese standards. There are two methods for aviation gasoline: the aviation method (F-3 method, indicates performance when cruising) and the supercharged method (F-4 method, indicates performance when supercharged). Japan's automobile gasoline standards stipulate that the research method octane number is 95 or higher for special grade (No. 1, premium) and 85 or higher for regular grade (No. 2, regular). Most aviation gasoline has an octane number of 100 or higher, and in this case the octane number is indicated by a power number (performance number) that is roughly proportional to the maximum power output, with the highest reaching 115 or higher for the aviation method and 145 or higher for the supercharged method. The octane number of gasoline varies significantly depending on the hydrocarbon composition, with straight-chain (normal) paraffinic gasoline having the lowest octane number, followed by naphthenic gasoline, followed by isoparaffinic gasoline and isoolefinic gasoline, which have many branched chains, and aromatic gasoline having the highest octane number. The fraction of crude oil that corresponds to the gasoline boiling point range, i.e. naphtha, has an extremely low octane number and cannot be used as is, so aromatic reformed gasoline is produced by catalytic reforming, and various high octane gasoline such as catalytic cracking gasoline, isomerized gasoline, and alkylate gasoline are produced, and anti-knock agents are added to those that require a particularly high octane number. [Hara Nobuyoshi] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ガソリンのアンチノック性を数量的に示す指数。オクタン価の高いガソリンほどアンチノック性が高い。現代の高性能ガソリンエンジンは、熱効率をあげるため高い圧縮比(約8以上)が用いられるが、高圧縮比エンジンではガソリン成分が不適当な場合、ノッキングとよぶ異常燃焼をおこしやすく、これがおこるとかえって出力が低下し、またエンジン損傷の原因となる。したがってこの障害を避けるためには、ガソリンとしてノッキングをおこしにくい性質が必要で、この特性をアンチノック性とよぶ。これを数量的に表示するため、アンチノック性がきわめて高いイソオクタンをオクタン価100、アンチノック性がきわめて低いノルマルヘプタンをオクタン価0と定め、これら2種の標準燃料混合物中のイソオクタンの容量%の数値をもって、そのオクタン価とする。たとえばイソオクタン90%、ノルマルヘプタン10%の混合標準燃料のオクタン価は90である。試料ガソリンをこれら種々のオクタン価の標準燃料と、CFRエンジンとよばれるオクタン価測定用エンジンでアンチノック性を比較し、試料ガソリンのオクタン価を測定する。 この測定法には、自動車ガソリンではリサーチ法(F‐1法、おもに低速時性能を示す)、モーター法(F‐2法、おもに高速時性能を示す)の2種があり、日本の規格ではリサーチ法を採用している。また航空ガソリンでは航空法(F‐3法、巡航時性能を示す)、過給法(F‐4法、過給時性能を示す)の2種がある。日本の自動車ガソリン規格では、リサーチ法オクタン価が特級(1号、プレミアム)95以上、並級(2号、レギュラー)85以上と定められている。航空ガソリンの大部分はオクタン価が100以上で、この場合のオクタン価はほぼ最高出力に比例する出力価(パフォーマンス価)で示され、最高のものは航空法115以上、過給法145以上に達する。 ガソリンのオクタン価は炭化水素組成により著しく異なり、直鎖状(ノルマル)パラフィン系はもっとも低く、ナフテン系がこれに次ぎ、枝鎖の多いイソパラフィン系、イソオレフィン系はきわめて高く、芳香族系がもっとも高い。原油中のガソリン沸点範囲に相当する留分、すなわちナフサはきわめてオクタン価が低く、このままでは使用できないため、その接触改質法により芳香族性の改質ガソリンを製造するほか、接触分解ガソリン、異性化ガソリン、アルキレートなどの各種高オクタン価ガソリンが製造され、とくに高オクタン価を必要とするものにはアンチノック剤が添加されている。 [原 伸宜] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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