Emerald - Emerald (English spelling)

Japanese: エメラルド - えめらるど(英語表記)emerald
Emerald - Emerald (English spelling)

Another name for dark green beryl. It is also called emerald or green jade. The green color is due to small amounts of trivalent chromium and vanadium. It is highly valued as a gemstone. However, it is rare to find high-quality stones with a uniform color and no internal cloudiness or cracks. Like beryl and aquamarine, it is found in granitic pegmatites, as well as in metasomatic limestone and mica schist. Those valued as gemstones are mainly mined in the Ural Mountains of Colombia and Russia. In Colombia, crystals form in calcite veins cutting through metasomatic black limestone. In the Ural Mountains, crystals are found in mica schist. It is also found in Brazil, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc.

Emeralds can be synthesized, and there are many on the gemstone market that are as good as or even better than natural emeralds. The main synthesis methods are a flux method, in which a mixture of oxides or an amorphous substance with the same composition as emerald is used to precipitate a single crystal, and a hydrothermal method using aquamarine as a seed stone. In either case, about 1% chromium oxide is mixed in to give it a green color. Although it is visually indistinguishable between natural and synthetic, the difference can be identified by examining birefringence and infrared absorption spectra. The word emerald is probably of Semitic origin, but in ancient times this name was used to describe a variety of green stones. It is the birthstone for May.

[Satoshi Matsubara]

"Haruyama Yukio's Natural History 4, Jewels 1" (1989, Heibonsha) by Haruyama Yukio; "Color Books Jewels" by Sakikawa Noriyuki (1992, Hoikusha) ; "Jewels - How to distinguish quality and determine value" by Suwa Kyoichi (1993, Sekai Bunkasha)

[References] | Aquamarine | Mica | Chromium | Schist | Chromium oxide | Limestone | Birthstone | Vanadium | Birefringence | Pegmatite | Metamorphism | Calcite | Gemstone | Beryl
Emerald (Beryl) [Raw Stone]
©Central Gem Laboratory ">

Emerald (Beryl) [Raw Stone]

Emerald
©Central Gem Laboratory ">

Emerald


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

濃緑色をした緑柱石の別名。翠玉(すいぎょく)、緑玉(りょくぎょく)ともよばれる。緑色の原因は、少量含まれる三価のクロムやバナジウムのためである。宝石としてきわめて価値が高い。しかし、均一な色、内部に曇りやひびのない良質なものはまれである。緑柱石やアクアマリンと同様、花崗(かこう)岩質ペグマタイト中に産するほか、交代変成作用を受けた石灰岩や雲母(うんも)片岩中に発見される。宝石としての価値をもつものは、おもにコロンビアとロシアのウラル山脈から採掘される。コロンビアでは、交代変成作用を受けた黒色の石灰岩を切る方解石脈中に結晶が生成している。ウラル山脈では、雲母片岩中に結晶が含まれて産する。ほかにブラジル、ザンビア、ジンバブエなどから産する。

 エメラルドは合成ができ、天然産と変わらないか、あるいはそれ以上のりっぱなものが宝石市場に出回っている。酸化物の混合物やエメラルドと同成分の非晶質物質を用いて、フラックス法とよばれる融剤から単結晶を析出させる合成と、アクアマリンを種石とした熱水法による合成とが主たる方法で、いずれの場合も緑色を出すため1%前後の酸化クロムを混入する。見た目には天然のものと合成のものとは区別不可能だが、複屈折や赤外吸収スペクトルなどを調べることにより違いが識別できる。エメラルドの語源はおそらくセム語からきたものとされているが、古代ではいろいろな緑色の石に対してこの名を使っていたらしい。5月の誕生石である。

[松原 聰]

『春山行夫著『春山行夫の博物誌4 宝石1』(1989・平凡社)』『崎川範行著『カラーブックス宝石』(1992・保育社)』『諏訪恭一著『宝石――品質の見分け方と価値の判断のために』(1993・世界文化社)』

[参照項目] | アクアマリン | 雲母 | クロム | 結晶片岩 | 酸化クロム | 石灰岩 | 誕生石 | バナジウム | 複屈折 | ペグマタイト | 変成作用 | 方解石 | 宝石 | 緑柱石
エメラルド(緑柱石)〔原石〕
©中央宝石研究所">

エメラルド(緑柱石)〔原石〕

エメラルド
©中央宝石研究所">

エメラルド


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