bourgeois

Japanese: bourgeois
bourgeois

In the Middle Ages in Europe, a citizen meant someone who lived within a castle. The reason why citizens were called bourgeois is because they lived within a castle. While rural areas were under the control of feudal lords, medieval cities skillfully exploited the conflicts between lords, bishops, kings, etc. to gain autonomy such as the right to mint money, collect taxes, and exercise jurisdiction, and they also had their own military to protect against invasions by foreign enemies.

From Civil Society:

...In Japanese history and social science, this term is usually used as a translation of civil society, bürgerliche Gesellschaft (German), société civile, société bourgeoise (both French), etc. Along with "bourgeois class," "civil revolution," "civil law," and "civil liberties," it was devised to recognize and indicate the characteristics of modern European society, and is one of the concepts that became particularly influential after World War II.

From [Bourgeoisie]

...Generally, it refers to a social class made up of wealthy merchants and industrialists and property owners, and is translated as the propertied class. The word bourgeoisie is a collective noun of bourgeois, and bourgeois originally meant townspeople (townspeople) or citizens, so bourgeoisie is sometimes translated as townspeople or citizen class. And in Marxist terminology, bourgeoisie is mainly used to mean owners of capital in modern capitalist society, and is therefore translated as the capitalist class, and is the opposite of the proletariat as the working class. ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "bourgeois" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ヨーロッパの中世においては,市民は城塞の中に住む人たちを意味した。市民がブルジョアbourgeoisとも呼ばれるのは,bourg(城)の中に住む人たちであるからにほかならない。農村が封建領主の支配下におかれていたのに対して,中世の諸都市は,領主,司教,国王などの対立関係を巧みに利用しながら,貨幣鋳造権,徴税権,裁判権などの自治権を獲得し,さらに独自の軍隊をもって外敵の侵入に備えた。…

【市民社会】より

…日本の歴史学や社会科学において,通常,civil society,bürgerliche Gesellschaft(ドイツ語),société civile,société bourgeoise(ともにフランス語)などの訳語として使われている用語。〈市民階級〉〈市民革命〉〈市民法〉〈市民的自由〉などとともに,近代のヨーロッパ社会の特質を認識し指示するために考案され,第2次大戦後,とくに有力になった概念の一つである。…

【ブルジョアジー】より

…一般的には,富裕な商工業者や財産所有者で構成されている社会層をいい,有産者階級などと訳される。ブルジョアジーという語は,ブルジョアbourgeoisの集合名詞であり,ブルジョアというのは,もともと町の人(町人)とか市民とかいう意味であるから,ブルジョアジーは,町人身分とか市民階級とか訳される場合もある。そして,主としてマルクス主義の用語法においては,ブルジョアジーは,近代資本主義社会における資本の所有者という意味で用いられ,したがって資本家階級と訳され,労働者階級としてのプロレタリアートの反対語とされる。…

※「bourgeois」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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