Ephtalites - Efutar (English spelling)

Japanese: エフタル - えふたる(英語表記)Ephtalites
Ephtalites - Efutar (English spelling)

They are a people who unified Central Asia from the middle of the 5th century. They are also written as Hephtalites, Haytal, Hayātila, 嚈噠, 悒怛, etc., and are said to mean "strong people" in Iranian languages. They bordered the Sassanid Empire to the east of Persia, and initially cooperated with the Sassanid Empire in attacking the eastern Roman territories, but were later attacked from both sides by the Sassanid Empire and the Turks, and were destroyed in 558-561. However, they survived as a people for a long time, and their descendants are thought to still exist near Badakhshan in northern Afghanistan. This area was the center of the Hephthalite Empire, and the empire's territory extended north of the Tian Shan Mountains, south to Afghanistan and Punjab in northwestern India, east to Khotan in East Turkestan, and west to the Khorasan region, the western territory of the Sassanid Empire.

In Byzantine and Indian records they are referred to as the "White Huns," and in Chinese records they are a tribe related to the Great Yuezhi and Gaoche, said to have originated in Jinshan (the Altai Mountains?) and moved south towards Sogdiana and Bactria. However, there are many doubts about their origins. The Hephthalites lived a nomadic life, but some settled in cities and practiced polyandry. The Hephthalites themselves did not have their own written language, and recorded their Iranian language in the Greek alphabet used in the Bactria region.

[Kazuo Eno]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

5世紀の中ごろから中央アジアを統一した民族。Hephtalites、Haytal、Hayātila、嚈噠、悒怛などとも書かれ、イラン系の言語で「強い人」を意味するという。ササン朝ペルシアの東に接し、初めはササン朝に協力して東方ローマ領を攻め、のちにはササン朝と突厥(とっけつ)とに挟撃されて、558~561年に滅ぼされた。ただし、民族としては長く残り、その子孫と思われるものが、現在でもアフガニスタンの北部バダフシャーン付近に存在する。この方面はエフタル帝国の中心で、帝国の領域は、北は天山山脈の北部、南はアフガニスタン、西北インドのパンジャーブ、東は東トルキスタンのホータン、西はササン朝の西方領土ホラサーン地方に及んだ。

 ビザンティンやインドの記録には「白いフン」、中国の記録には大月氏(だいげっし)、高車(こうしゃ)の類族で、金山(アルタイ山?)に発祥し、ソグディアナ、バクトリア方面に南下したとされている。しかしその起源については疑問が多い。エフタルは遊牧生活を行ったが、一部は都市に定住し、一妻多夫の風習をもっていた。エフタル自身は文字をもたず、バクトリア地方で用いられていたギリシア文字でイラン系の言語を記録している。

[榎 一雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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