'ayyar (English spelling) ayyar

Japanese: ‘ayyār(英語表記)ayyar
'ayyar (English spelling) ayyar

Of course, this Mamluk system was not without opposition. Arab nomads often rebelled against the rule of foreign slaves, and the ayyar (gangsters), a group of young people in the city, found their purpose in defending the hara (town) from the violence of the military. In some cases, nomads and ayyar cooperated with the government and formed auxiliary forces for the army, but it is noteworthy that in Syria and Jazira in the 10th to 12th centuries, even if only temporarily, a coalition government of the ulama was established in the city with the support of merchants and akhdas (ayyar).

From 【Kyokaku】

… [Ryosho Hayashi]
[Islamic World]
A group of chivalrous ruffians active in the cities of the Islamic world from the 9th century onwards. They are also called 'ayyār, fityan, shuttar or aḥdāth. In Iraq and Iran from the mid-Abbasid period onwards, groups of ayyar appeared among the urban populace, who joined the auxiliary forces of the caliph or attacked the houses of wealthy merchants and high-ranking officials. In the 10th century and the first half of the 11th century, when the power of the dynasty weakened, they established a certain degree of self-governing organisation, took charge of festivals and tried to defend their towns against outside forces.

From [City]

...In contrast to the straight streets of the ancient Orient, the haras, surrounded by winding alleys, had their own mosques (masjids) separate from the town's central mosque, as well as public baths (hammas) and markets selling everyday items. Young men formed groups of 'ayyār (chivalrous men, outcasts, and gangsters) in each hara, who seized the property of the wealthy and played a role in defending the town against foreign forces. In the mid-15th century, Damascus had 70 haras with a population of over 500 people, its suburb Salihiya had 30, and Aleppo had 50 haras with a population of over 1,000.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "'ayyār" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…むろんこのようなマムルーク体制に反発がなかったわけではない。アラブ遊牧民は異民族の奴隷による支配に異を唱えてしばしば反乱を起こしたし,都市の若者集団であるアイヤール‘ayyār(俠客)も軍人の暴力からハーラ(街区)を守ることに自らの存在価値を見いだしていた。遊牧民やアイヤールは政府に協力して軍隊の補助軍を構成する場合もあったが,10~12世紀のシリアやジャジーラでは,たとえ一時的であったにせよ,商人やアフダース(アイヤール)の支持を得て都市にウラマーの連合政権が樹立されたことは注目すべきであろう。…

【俠客】より

…【林 亮勝】
[イスラム世界]
 9世紀以後,イスラム世界の都市を中心にして活躍した任俠無頼の徒。アイヤール‘ayyār,フィトヤーン,シュッタール,あるいはアフダースaḥdāthともいう。アッバース朝中期以降のイラクやイランでは,都市の民衆の間からカリフの補助軍に加わったり,富裕な商人や高級官僚の館を襲ったりするアイヤールの集団が現れ,とくに王朝の権力が弱まった10世紀と11世紀の前半には,一定の自治組織を確立して祭礼をとりしきり,また外部勢力に対抗して街区の防衛に努めた。…

【都市】より

…古代オリエント時代の直線の街路とは対照的に,曲がりくねった路地で囲まれたハーラには,町の中央モスクとは別に独自のモスク(マスジド)があり,また公衆浴場(ハンマーム)や日常品を商う市場も置かれていた。若者たちはハーラごとにアイヤール‘ayyār(任俠,無頼の徒,俠客)のグループを結成し,富裕者の財産を奪うとともに,外国の勢力に対しては町を防衛する役割を果たした。15世紀半ばのダマスクスには人口500余りのハーラが70,その郊外のサーリヒーヤには30,同じくアレッポには人口1000余りのハーラが50あったと伝えられる。…

※「‘ayyār」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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