An evergreen tall tree of the family Ilex (APG classification: Ilex family). It grows 3-15 meters tall. Its leaves are thick, elliptical, about 10 centimeters long, and have sawtoothed edges. The flowers are green and grow in the axils. The fruit is a spherical berry 5 mm in diameter that ripens to reddish brown. The leaves are processed to make maté (Paraguay tea). It grows wild in Paraguay and Brazil. It grows well in lowlands in humid partial shade, but can also grow at high altitudes. The leaves are generally grown wild, but are rarely cultivated in Brazil. Seeds are first sown to produce seedlings, which are then planted in the shade of Parana pines. The leaves can be harvested from about the fourth year after planting. The leaves are dried in the sun or by fire, crushed into bracts, and then bracts are made. Drinking yerba mate is popular in South America but is less common in Europe and Asia. [Hoshikawa Kiyochika November 17, 2021] Cultural historyMate originally means gourd in the Quechua language of Peru. This is because powdered mate tea is placed in a gourd and drunk, and this method is still the mainstream today. The use of mate tea is ancient, and in Peru, mate tea from over 1,000 years ago has been found among offerings to the dead. Indigenous peoples of Brazil and Paraguay have been drinking it as a luxury item since before the arrival of white people, as well as drinking it to treat diarrhea and sunstroke, using the powder as a medicine for cuts and swellings, chewing the leaves to strengthen teeth, and extracting a purple dye from the bark. To drink it, fill a vessel to about 70% full with the powder, pouring in hot or cold water each time, and drinking it through a metal straw with small holes all over the bulging end. The leaves contain 8% tannins, 2% caffeine, and small amounts of vanillin, choline, and citric acid. [Hiroshi Yuasa November 17, 2021] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
モチノキ科(APG分類:モチノキ科)の常緑高木。高さ3~15メートル。葉は厚く、楕円(だえん)形で長さ約10センチメートル、縁(へり)に鋸歯(きょし)がある。花は葉腋(ようえき)につき、緑色。果実は径5ミリメートル、球形の液果で、赤褐色に熟す。葉を加工し、マテ茶maté, Paraguay teaをつくる。パラグアイ、ブラジルに自生する。低地で湿度の高い半日陰でよく育つが、高地でも生育できる。一般には野生のものの葉を利用するが、ブラジルではまれに栽培もある。栽培はまず種子を播(ま)いて苗をつくり、これをパラナマツの日陰に定植する。定植後4年目ころから葉を採取できる。葉は天日または火熱で乾燥し、細かく砕いて包葉する。 マテ茶の飲用は南アメリカでは普及しているが、ヨーロッパやアジアではあまり行われない。 [星川清親 2021年11月17日] 文化史マテとは本来、ペルーのケチュア語でヒョウタンをさす。これはヒョウタンの器に粉末にしたマテ茶を入れて飲むからで、現在もその方法が主流である。マテ茶の利用は古く、ペルーでは1000年以上前のマテ茶が死者の供物からみいだされている。ブラジルやパラグアイの先住民も白人到来前から嗜好(しこう)品としての飲用のほか、下痢止めや日射病の治療に飲み、粉末を切り傷や腫(は)れ物の薬に使い、歯をじょうぶにするために葉をかみ、樹皮から紫色の染料をとった。飲用するには器の7分目くらい粉末を入れ、そのつど湯か水を注ぎ、膨らんだ先に細かい穴が一面にあいた金属製ストローで飲む。 葉の成分はタンニン8%、カフェイン2%で、ほかに少量のバニリン、コリン、クエン酸を含む。 [湯浅浩史 2021年11月17日] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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