Essential oils are obtained by extracting the aromatic substances from various parts of plants, such as flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and bark, and are dissolved in 50-60% ethyl alcohol or other edible oils and fats, making them liquid flavorings used only for the purpose of flavoring food. The chemical composition of these essential oils varies depending on the plant and part from which they are extracted, and many of them have very complex compositions, with ethers, esters, aldehydes, terpenes, lactones, etc. mixed and combined. There are two types of essences: natural essences, which are made by dissolving the essential oils of natural plants in alcohol, and synthetic essences, which are made by chemically analyzing the components of these essential oils and dissolving them in alcohol to create artificially synthesized oils. Methods for extracting essential oils from natural plants include squeezing, leaching, and distillation, with the most suitable extraction method being selected according to the characteristics of the plant. For example, squeezing is used for fruit essential oils, leaching is used for vanilla beans, and distillation is used for mint and herbal spices. Natural essences include vanilla, almond, orange, lemon, strawberry, maple, mint, and anise, while synthetic essences include the above, as well as banana, coffee, chocolate, peach, pineapple, and melon, among many others. [Hiroshi Saito] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
植物の種々の部位、たとえば、花、果実、種子、葉茎、根茎、樹皮などの香りのもとになる物質を抽出して得られる精油essential oilを、50~60%のエチルアルコール、あるいは他の食用油脂などに溶解したもので、食品の着香の目的にのみ使われる液体香料である。これらの精油の化学的成分は、抽出するもとの植物、部位によって異なり、エーテル、エステル、アルデヒド、テルペン類、ラクトン類などが混在、結合している、たいへん複雑な組成のものが多い。 エッセンスには、天然の植物体の精油をアルコールに溶かした天然エッセンスと、これら精油の成分を化学的に分析し、人工的に合成したものをアルコールに溶解してつくった合成エッセンスがある。天然の植物体から精油を抽出する方法には、圧搾法、浸出法、蒸留法があり、植物体の特徴にあわせて最適な抽出法が選定されている。たとえば、果物の精油は圧搾法、バニラビーンズなどは浸出法、ミントや香草スパイス類は蒸留法が用いられている。天然のエッセンスには、バニラ、アーモンド、オレンジ、レモン、ストロベリー、メープル、ミント、アニスなどがあり、合成エッセンスには以上のほかバナナ、コーヒー、チョコレート、ピーチ、パイナップル、メロンなど、実に多くの種類がある。 [齋藤 浩] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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