Ethiopia

Japanese: エチオピア

◎Official name: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. ◎Area: 1,127,127 ^km2 . ◎Population: 84.9 million (2010). ◎Capital: Addis Ababa (2.74 million, 2007). ◎Residents: Oromo (Galla) 40%, Amhara 40%, etc. ◎Religion: Ethiopian Church 50%, Islam 30%, etc. ◎Languages: Amharic (official language) 40%, Gulla, etc. ◎Currency: Birr. ◎Head of state: President, Mulatu Teshome Wirtu (inaugurated October 2013, six-year term). ◎Prime Minister: Hailemarian Desalegn (inaugurated August 2012). ◎Constitution: Enacted December 1994, effective August 1995. ◎Parliament: Bicameral. Upper House (108 seats), Lower House (547 seats). The most recent election was held in May 2010. ◎GDP - $26.5 billion (2008). ◎Per capita GDP - $180 (2006). ◎Ratio of people employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing - 81.1% (2003). ◎Life expectancy - 62.0 years for men, 65.3 years for women (2013). ◎Infant mortality rate - 68‰ (2010). ◎Literacy rate - 39.0% (2007). * *A republic in northeastern Africa. Formerly known as Abyssinia. Most of the country is a plateau at an altitude of around 2,400m, with a warm climate. The Danakil Desert is in the northeast. Agriculture is the main industry, and coffee is the main product and an important export. Teff (a type of grain), barley and wheat are also grown. Sheep, cattle and goats are also raised. Small-scale industries such as textiles and food processing are also carried out, centered around Addis Ababa. [History] It is said that Ethiopia escaped from Egyptian rule in the 10th century BC and established an independent kingdom. The Kingdom of Aksum developed around the time of Christ, and Coptic Christianity was introduced in the 4th century, which later became the Ethiopian Church. In the 7th century, Ethiopia was surrounded by Islamic forces and isolated from the rest of the Christian world. It later split into a number of small countries. In the mid-19th century, a unified state emerged under Theodore II. Menelik II ascended to the throne in 1889, and after occupying Eritrea, he defeated the Italian army that invaded Ethiopia in the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Ethiopia was occupied by Italy in 1936, but regained independence in 1941 (Italian-Ethiopian War). In 1952, Eritrea formed a federation, which it annexed in 1962. In 1973, anti-government struggle by Somali people in the Ogaden region in the east (Ogaden War), the devastation of 100,000 people starving to death due to drought, and rising prices due to the oil crisis triggered demonstrations in the capital and a military revolt. Emperor Haile Selassie I was arrested and dethroned by the military in September 1974, and the monarchy was abolished the following year in 1975. In 1977, Mengistu became chairman of the Provisional Military Council, and in 1987 he became president, and the country became a People's Democratic Republic. The government adopted a policy of strong reliance on the Soviet Union, but faced difficult circumstances such as defeats in battles with Eritrean independence forces and the expansion of drought-stricken areas, and was overthrown by anti-government guerrilla groups in 1991. In May 1993, Eritrea peacefully separated and became independent. In 1994, a new constitution was enacted and a federal system was adopted. The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which seized power, has adopted a pro-American stance. The border conflict with Eritrea, which broke out in May 1998, was resolved with the signing of a peace agreement in June 2000, but there has been no significant progress since then regarding the demarcation of the border. In December 2006, Eritrea invaded Somalia, where Islamic fundamentalism is dominant.
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Japanese:

◎正式名称−エチオピア連邦民主共和国Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia。◎面積−112万7127km²。◎人口−8490万人（2010）。◎首都−アディスアベバAddis Ababa（274万人，2007）。◎住民−オロモ（ガラ）人40％，アムハラ人40％など。◎宗教−エチオピア教会50％，イスラム30％など。◎言語−アムハラ語（公用語）40％，ガラ語など。◎通貨−ビルBirr。◎元首−大統領，ムラトゥMulatu Teshome Wirtu（2013年10月就任，任期６年）。◎首相−ハイレマリアムHailemarian Desalegn（2012年８月就任）。◎憲法−1994年12月制定，1995年８月発効。◎国会−二院制。上院（定員108），下院（定員547）。最近の選挙は2010年５月。◎GDP−265億ドル（2008）。◎１人当りGDP−180ドル（2006）。◎農林・漁業就業者比率−81.1％（2003）。◎平均寿命−男62.0歳，女65.3歳（2013）。◎乳児死亡率−68‰（2010）。◎識字率−39.0％（2007）。　　　　＊　　　　＊アフリカ北東部の共和国。古くはアビシニアとも。大部分が標高2400m前後の高原地帯で気候温暖。北東部にダナキル砂漠がある。農業が主で，コーヒーが主産品，重要輸出品。テフ（穀物の一種），大麦，小麦もつくられる。羊，牛，ヤギの畜産もある。アディスアベバを中心に繊維，食品加工など小規模な工業も行われる。〔歴史〕　前10世紀にエジプトの支配を脱し，独立王国が成立したと伝えられる。紀元前後からアクスム王国が発展，４世紀にコプト派のキリスト教が伝わり，のちのエチオピア教会となった。７世紀にイスラム勢力の包囲で，他のキリスト教世界から孤立。のち群小国に分裂。19世紀半ばテオドロス２世の手によって統一国家が出現。1889年メネリク２世が即位，エリトリアを占領後エチオピアに攻め入ったイタリア軍を1896年，アドワの戦で撃退した。1936年イタリアに占領されたが，1941年独立を回復（イタリア・エチオピア戦争）。1952年エリトリアと連邦を形成，1962年これを併合。1973年東部のオガデン地方のソマリ人の反政府闘争（オガデン戦争），および干ばつによる10万人餓死という惨状，石油危機の影響による物価騰貴が引金となって，首都のデモ騒乱から軍隊の反乱が起こり，1974年９月皇帝ハイレ・セラシエ１世は軍部によって逮捕，廃位させられ，翌1975年帝制は廃止となった。1977年臨時軍事評議会議長にメンギストゥが就任，1987年メンギストゥは大統領に就任，人民民主共和国となった。同政権はソ連に強く依存する政策をとったが，エリトリア独立派との戦闘での敗北や干ばつ被災地の拡大など困難な情勢に立たされ，1991年反政府ゲリラ組織に打倒された。1993年５月エリトリアが平和裏に分離・独立。1994年新憲法を制定し，連邦制を採用。政権を奪取したエチオピア人民革命民主戦線（EPRDF）は，親米路線をとっている。1998年５月に勃発したエリトリアとの国境紛争は，2000年６月和平協定の調印で終結へ向かったが，国境画定をめぐってその後大きな進展はない。2006年12月，イスラム原理主義が優勢なソマリアへ侵攻。
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