Watson, James Dewey

Japanese: ワトソン（英語表記）Watson, James Dewey
Watson, James Dewey
Born April 6, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. American geneticist and biophysicist. Proponent of the double helix theory of DNA (→ double helix). Graduated from the University of Chicago, he received his doctorate from Indiana University in 1950. He studied abroad at the University of Copenhagen, where he engaged in biochemistry research. In 1951, inspired by Oswald Avery's report (1944), he moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University to study the structure of DNA molecules. Watson applied X-ray analysis techniques to DNA, and in 1953, together with his collaborator Francis Crick, completed a model of the double helix structure of DNA molecules (→ Watson-Crick model). In the process, the correctness of the double helix theory was proven, and in 1962, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Crick and Maurice Wilkins. He was a professor at the California Institute of Technology from 1953 to 1955, and has been a professor at Harvard University since 1955. During this time, he contributed to deciphering the genetic code of DNA molecules and discovered messenger RNA. His book Molecular Biology of the Gene, first published in 1965, is widely used as an excellent textbook on molecular genetics and has been reprinted many times. His book The Double Helix (1968) is a retrospective of his research life around the time he invented the double helix model. In 1968, he became director of the Biometric Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the world's center of molecular biology research, and directed cancer research there until 2007. From 1988 to 1992, he served as leader of the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Watson
Watson Thomas J., Jr.

Born January 8, 1914 in Dayton, Ohio
[Died] December 31, 1993. Greenwich, Connecticut. American businessman. Born the son of IBM's president, TJ Watson, he joined IBM after graduating from Brown University in 1937. He served in the Air Force during World War II. He was discharged in 1946 and returned to IBM as vice president. He became senior vice president in 1949, and was appointed president in 1952, succeeding his father. Since its founding, the company had remained in the field of computer manufacturers, but in 1952 it announced the release of the vacuum tube mainframe computer system (IBM 701), marking its entry into the computer industry. After becoming chairman in 1956, he continued to actively expand the company's operations, including internationalizing the business and investing heavily in research and development, and grew the company into the world's largest computer company. In 1969, he was accused of violating antitrust laws by the U.S. government (the charges were dropped in 1982), and he announced his retirement in 1971. He then served as the U.S. ambassador to Moscow from 1979 to 1981. Major work: A Business and Its Beliefs (1963)

Watson
Watson, Thomas John

Born February 17, 1874 at Campbell, New York
[Died] June 19, 1956. New York American businessman. President and Chairman of IBM. After studying at Elmira Commercial School, he joined NCR and worked as a sales manager for 15 years. In 1914, his ability was recognized and he joined CTR, founded by HD Hollis, which developed punch card statistical machines. The following year, he was promoted to president, and in 1924, the company expanded into overseas markets and changed its name to IBM. Even during the Great Depression of the 1930s, the company did not lay off employees, and in 1936, it supplied a large number of statistical machines needed for the Social Security program of the FD Roosevelt administration. After World War II, he worked hard to develop electronic computers, and in 1952, he released the "700 Series," growing the company into the world's largest electronic computer manufacturer. He was involved in many first-class companies as an executive, and received doctorates in literature, business administration, engineering, and other subjects from more than a dozen universities, including Syracuse.

Watson
Watson, John B(roadus)

Born January 9, 1878 in Greenville, South Carolina.
Died: September 25, 1958. New York. American psychologist. After teaching at the University of Chicago, he became a professor at Johns Hopkins University. A proponent of behaviorism. He abandoned consciousness, which had been the subject of traditional psychology, rejected introspection, and attempted to understand behavior based on objective observational methods and explain it in terms of conditioned reflexes through the mechanism of stimulus and response. His arguments had an enormous impact on the subsequent development of behavioral psychology in the United States. His main works include Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology (1914), Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (19), and Behaviorism (25).

Watson
Watson, Sir William

Born: August 2, 1858, Yorkshire
[Died] August 11, 1935. Sussex. British poet. His breakthrough work was Wordsworth's Grave (1890). A traditional poet, he was once considered the next Poet Laureate after A. Austen.

Watson
Watson, Thomas

Born: Around 1557, London
[Died] September 26, 1592, London. English poet. A sonnet writer who succeeded T. Wyatt, Earl of Surrey, he is said to have influenced Shakespeare.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1928.4.6. イリノイ，シカゴ
アメリカ合衆国の遺伝学者，生物物理学者。デオキシリボ核酸 DNA二重螺旋説（→二重螺旋）の提唱者。シカゴ大学を卒業し，1950年インディアナ大学で学位取得。コペンハーゲン大学に留学し生化学研究に従事。1951年，オズワルド・エイブリーの報告（1944）にヒントを得て，DNA分子の構造を研究するため，ケンブリッジ大学のキャベンディッシュ研究所に移る。ワトソンは X線解析の技術を DNAに適用し，1953年共同研究者のフランシス・クリックとともに DNA分子の二重螺旋構造のモデル（→ワトソン＝クリック模型）を完成。その過程で二重螺旋説の正しさが証明され，1962年にクリック，モーリス・ウィルキンズとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。1953～55年カリフォルニア工科大学教授を経て，1955年からハーバード大学教授。その間にも DNA分子の遺伝子暗号の解読に貢献し，メッセンジャーRNAを発見。1965年初版の『遺伝子の分子生物学』Molecular Biology of the Geneは，分子遺伝学の優れた教科書として広く用いられ，版を重ねた。著書『二重らせん』The Double Helix（1968）は，二重螺旋モデルを考案した頃の研究生活を回顧して書かれたものである。1968年分子生物学研究の世界的中心地であるコールド・スプリング・ハーバー研究所の計量生物学研究所所長となり，2007年まで癌研究の指揮をとった。1988～92年国立衛生研究所 NIHのヒトゲノム解析計画のリーダーを務めた。

ワトソン
Watson Thomas J.，Jr.

[生]1914.1.8. オハイオ，デートン
[没]1993.12.31. コネティカット，グリニッチ
アメリカの実業家。IBM社の T.J.ワトソン社長の子として生れ，1937年ブラウン大学を卒業後，同社に入社。第2次世界大戦中は空軍に所属。 46年に除隊して IBM社に戻り副社長に就任する。 49年同社上席副社長を経て，52年父の後継者として社長に任命される。創業以来，同社は計算機メーカーの域にとどまっていたが，52年に真空管式大型コンピュータシステム (IBM701) を発表して，コンピュータ業界への参入を果す。 56年会長に就任したあと，事業の国際化や研究開発費への巨額投資など積極的な経営展開を続けて，同社を世界最大のコンピュータ会社に成長させた。 69年には米政府から独禁法違反容疑で告発されるなか (82年に取下げ) ，71年に引退を表明。その後，79～81年に駐モスクワ米国大使として活躍した。主著『企業よ信念をもて』A Business And Its Beliefs (1963)

ワトソン
Watson， Thomas John

[生]1874.2.17. ニューヨーク，キャンプベル
[没]1956.6.19. ニューヨーク
アメリカの実業家。IBM社社長，会長。エルマイラ商業学校で学んだのち，NCR社に入社，15年間セールス・マネージャーとして活躍。 1914年その辣腕を買われて，パンチカード式統計機械を開発した H.D.ホリレス創設の CTR社に入社。翌年社長に抜擢され，24年には海外市場に進出，社名を IBMに改めた。 30年代の大不況期にも社員を解雇せず，36年，F.D.ルーズベルト政府の社会保障計画に必要な統計機を大量に供給した。第2次世界大戦後は電子計算機の開発に努力し，52年「700シリーズ」を発表，同社を世界最大の電子計算機メーカーに育て上げた。役員として関係した一流企業の数は多く，シラキュースほか十指に余る大学から文学，経営学，工学などの博士号を受けた。

ワトソン
Watson， John B(roadus)

[生]1878.1.9. サウスカロライナ，グリーンビル
[没]1958.9.25. ニューヨーク
アメリカの心理学者。シカゴ大学講師を経て，ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学教授。行動主義の主唱者。従来の心理学が対象としていた意識を放棄し，内観法を拒否，行動を客観的な観察法に基づいてとらえ，しかもそれを条件反射的に刺激と反応の機構によって説明しようとした。彼の主張は，その後のアメリカの行動心理学の発展にきわめて大きな影響を与えた。主著『行動－比較心理学序説』 Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology (1914) ，『行動主義者からみた心理学』 Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (19) ，『行動主義』 Behaviorism (25) 。

ワトソン
Watson， Sir William

[生]1858.8.2. ヨークシャー
[没]1935.8.11. サセックス
イギリスの詩人。『ワーズワスの墓』 Wordsworth's Grave (1890) が出世作。伝統派の詩人で，A.オースティンのあとの桂冠詩人に擬せられたこともあった。

ワトソン
Watson， Thomas

[生]1557頃.ロンドン
[没]1592.9.26. ロンドン
イギリスの詩人。 T.ワイアット，サリー伯のあとをうけたソネット作者としてシェークスピアにも影響を与えたとされている。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

<<:  Word processor

>>:  Watsonia

Recommend

Uimamu - Uimamu

A kind of tribute-style trade form when Ainu peop...

Act; conduct

A purposeful act of the personality. A conscious a...

Interstitial inflammation

…Syphilis and fungal infections also show a form ...

Kasai ship

〘Noun〙 During the Edo period, a boat used by farme...

Isoquant

A curve that shows the possibility of technologica...

direct broadcast satellite

...Broadcasting is carried out by geostationary s...

Don Juan Manuel

1282‐1348 A Spanish prose writer. He was the nephe...

Gamil - Gamir

...Following the earlier migration of the Medes a...

Magatama - Magatama

A bead with a hole near one end of its curved body...

Meiji Restoration (English)

…The Meiji Restoration is a typical example, wher...

Cliffside - Cliffside

...A deciduous shrub of the Betulaceae family tha...

Otorisou - Otori no sho

An imperial estate located in Otori County, Izumi...

Quality control - hinshitsukanri (English spelling) quality control

Quality refers to the level of quality of the con...

Matsue - Shoko

A district of Shanghai in eastern China. Located ...

Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa

French painter and printmaker. Considered one of ...