Demolition work - Kaitai Kouji

Japanese: 解体工事 - かいたいこうじ
Demolition work - Kaitai Kouji

Demolition of buildings. This refers to the demolition and removal of existing buildings when rebuilding or building new buildings. In Japan, wooden buildings were the norm from ancient times, so demolition was often carried out not only for the reconstruction or relocation of wooden houses, but also for large-scale repairs. In all cases, demolition refers to the work or process of first removing fixtures, taking down roof tiles, removing wall plaster, removing wooden beams and crossbeams, and then breaking down the rafters, columns, beams, and framework into individual parts. Since the Meiji period, the number of modern buildings made of stone, brick, and reinforced concrete has increased, and in recent years, the need to demolish them has arisen, and the content of demolition work has become more diverse. In the case of these structures, in Western countries, the main method used was to hang a large weight from a crane and make it swing like a pendulum, and use the recoil to crash the weight into the building, destroying the walls and floor slabs. However, in recent years in Japan, it has become more common to use pneumatic hammers powered by compressed air to break up bricks and concrete, and then break up the structure into small chunks for removal. Since a building is made up of many components that are originally joined together to form a single stable structure, if the demolition procedures are not followed correctly, there is a risk that the structure could break in an unexpected way, causing damage to adjacent buildings or resulting in unexpected incidents such as casualties. Today in Japan, safety measures are always taken, such as minimizing the noise, vibrations, and dust generated by demolition work.

[Kiyoshi Kanata]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

建造物の取り壊し工事のこと。建て替えまたは新築工事をするときに、在来の建物を取り壊し撤去する工事をいう。日本では古来、木造建築物が主流であったので、木造家屋の改築、移築のみならず、大規模な修理のために解体工事が行われることも多かったが、いずれの場合も、まず建具を外し、屋根瓦(がわら)を降ろし、壁土を落とし、木舞(こまい)や貫(ぬき)を撤去して、小屋組、柱、梁(はり)、軸組を個々の部分に分解する作業またはその過程をさす。明治期以降、石造、れんが造や鉄筋コンクリート構造などの近代建築物が増え、そして近年、それらの取り壊しの必要が生じ始めてからは、解体工事の内容も多様化した。これらの構造の場合、欧米諸国では大きなおもりをクレーンで吊(つ)って振り子のような振動を与え、その反動を利用しておもりを建築物に衝突させて壁体や床版などを破壊する方法がおもに採用されていた。しかし最近の日本では、圧搾空気で駆動するニューマチックハンマーpneumatic hammer(鑿岩機(さくがんき))でれんがやコンクリートを砕くなど、構造体を小さな団塊状のブロックに破砕して撤去する方法がより一般的である。建築物では、もともと多くの部材が結合されて一つの安定した構造体を形成しているため、解体工事に際して、その手順を誤まれば、構造体が予想外の壊れ方をして隣接建物に被害を及ぼしたり、死傷者を出すなど不測の事態を招く危険性がある。今日、わが国では解体工事に伴う騒音や振動、塵埃(じんあい)の発生などを極力防止するなど、つねに安全対策が講じられている。

[金多 潔]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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