Weil's disease (Leptospirosis)

Japanese: ワイル病(レプトスピラ病) - ワイルびょう(レプトスピラびょう)(英語表記)Weil's disease (Leptospirosis)
Weil's disease (Leptospirosis)

What is the disease?

Weil's disease (leptospira disease) is caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira Human Beast ( 100 ) It is a common spirochete infection. Infections caused by Leptospira are collectively called leptospirosis.

Pathogenic Leptospira are carried in the kidneys of carrier animals such as brown rats and excreted in the urine. Humans are infected percutaneously or orally from water or soil contaminated with the urine of carrier animals. Human-to-human transmission is not possible.

The pathogen was first discovered in 1915 by Drs. Ryuichi Inada and Yasushi Ido. In Japan, Autumn plague ( Akiyami ) , Seven-day sickness ( Nokabyo ) It was an endemic disease known as leptospirosis that occurred among agricultural and civil engineering workers. In 2003, the Infectious Diseases Control Law was revised to classify leptospirosis as a Class 4 infectious disease, which required notification to public health centers. In the four years since then, 93 cases have been reported, of which 87 cases in Japan, about half of which are believed to have been contracted in Okinawa Prefecture.

Outside of Japan, leptospirosis is still prevalent worldwide, with major outbreaks occurring in tropical and subtropical countries such as Brazil, Nicaragua, and other Central and South American countries, and the Philippines, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.

How symptoms manifest

Symptoms can range from mild to severe depending on the type of pathogenic Leptospira. It is an acute febrile illness, with milder types causing only cold-like symptoms.

The main symptoms of Weil's disease, which is a representative severe form, are fever, jaundice ( Royal ) After a 3-14 day incubation period, symptoms such as bleeding and kidney damage appear. Chills ( Mom ) Symptoms include muscle pain in the calves and bloodshot eyes, but the whole body Fatigue ( Health test ) Various symptoms such as diarrhea, headache, and back pain appear. On the fourth to sixth day of illness, jaundice and bleeding tendencies appear.

Testing and diagnosis

It is difficult to diagnose the disease based on symptoms alone, but symptoms, contact with water contaminated by the urine of carrier animals, and travel history to areas where infection is prevalent can help with the diagnosis. Proteinuria, leukocytosis, and positive CRP are observed from the early stage of the disease.

For a definitive diagnosis, blood Cerebrospinal fluid ( Station ) , isolation of the pathogen from urine, serological diagnosis, and gene amplification testing are required.

Treatment methods

Treatment is with antibiotics. Many antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracycline, are effective in the early stages of infection, but streptomycin is the most effective.

The progression of leptospirosis is extremely fast, and in the case of Weil's disease, if treatment is not started sooner, the disease often becomes severe. It is important to start appropriate treatment by the second day of onset, and at the latest by the fourth day of onset.

What to do if you notice an illness

If there is a chance of infection and you experience symptoms such as calf muscle pain or fever accompanied by conjunctival congestion, you should immediately visit a medical institution with an infectious disease department.

If you travel to an area where leptospirosis is prevalent, such as Southeast Asia, it is important to avoid careless water exposure to prevent the disease. Mass outbreaks have been reported overseas due to water sports such as triathlons. If you are going to an endemic area for rice paddy work, civil engineering work, field surveys, etc., you should be vaccinated if possible. Doxycycline has also been reported to be effective as a drug preventative measure.

Related Topics

Acute hepatitis A, acute hepatitis B, fulminant hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, biliary infection

Shinichi Kasai, Shuichi Kino

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 ワイル病(レプトスピラ病)は病原性レプトスピラの感染により起こる人獣(じんじゅう)共通のスピロヘータ感染症です。レプトスピラによる感染症を総称してレプトスピラ病と呼びます。

 病原性レプトスピラは、ドブネズミなどの保菌動物の腎臓に保菌され、尿中に排泄されます。ヒトには、保菌動物の尿で汚染された水や土壌から経皮的、経口的に感染します。ヒトからヒトへの感染はありません。

 1915年に稲田龍吉、井戸泰両博士により、世界で初めて病原体が発見されました。日本では、秋疫(あきやみ)七日病(なのかびょう)と呼ばれる地方病として農作業や土木従事者の間で発症していました。レプトスピラ病は2003年の感染症法の改正により4類感染症に位置づけられ、保健所への届出が必要になりました。それ以降4年間で93例の届出があり、うち87例の国内発症例の約半数が沖縄県での感染と推定されています。

 国外では、現在でも全世界的にレプトスピラ病が流行しており、ブラジル、ニカラグアなどの中南米や、フィリピン、タイなどの東南アジアなど、熱帯、亜熱帯の国々での大流行があげられます。

症状の現れ方

 病原性レプトスピラの種類によって、症状は軽症から重症までさまざまです。急性発熱性の病気で、軽症型ではかぜのような症状だけで軽快します。

 重症型の代表であるワイル病の主症状は、発熱、黄疸(おうだん)、出血、腎障害などで、感染後3~14日の潜伏期をへて悪寒(おかん)を伴う発熱で発症します。ふくらはぎの筋肉痛、眼球結膜の充血が特徴的ですが、全身倦怠感(けんたいかん)、頭痛、腰痛などのさまざまな症状が現れます。第4~6病日に、黄疸や出血傾向が現れます。

検査と診断

 症状だけで診断することは難しいのですが、症状と保菌動物の尿に汚染された水への接触、感染の流行地への旅行歴などが診断の助けとなります。発病初期から、蛋白尿、白血球増多、CRP陽性などがみられます。

 確定診断には、血液、髄液(ずいえき)、尿からの病原体の分離、血清診断、遺伝子増幅検査が必要です。

治療の方法

 抗生剤による治療が行われます。感染早期ではペニシリン系、テトラサイクリン系など多くの抗生剤の効果が認められますが、ストレプトマイシンが最も有効です。

 レプトスピラ病の経過は極めて速く、ワイル病では治療開始時期が遅れるとしばしば重症化します。第2病日までに的確な治療を開始することが重要で、遅くとも第4病日までに治療を開始します。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 感染の機会があり、ふくらはぎの筋肉痛や、眼球結膜の充血を伴う発熱が現れた場合には、早急に感染症内科のある医療機関を受診します。

 東南アジアなどのレプトスピラ病の流行地域へ旅行した場合には、不用意に水のなかに入らないことが予防に重要です。海外ではトライアスロンなどのウォータースポーツによる集団発生が報告されています。水田作業、土木工事、野外調査などを目的に流行地域へ行く場合、可能ならワクチンを接種します。また薬物による予防として、ドキシサイクリンの効果が報告されています。

関連項目

 A型急性肝炎、B型急性肝炎、劇症肝炎、薬物性肝障害、胆道感染症

葛西 眞一, 紀野 修一

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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