What is the disease? Weil's disease (leptospira disease) is caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira Pathogenic Leptospira are carried in the kidneys of carrier animals such as brown rats and excreted in the urine. Humans are infected percutaneously or orally from water or soil contaminated with the urine of carrier animals. Human-to-human transmission is not possible. The pathogen was first discovered in 1915 by Drs. Ryuichi Inada and Yasushi Ido. In Japan, Outside of Japan, leptospirosis is still prevalent worldwide, with major outbreaks occurring in tropical and subtropical countries such as Brazil, Nicaragua, and other Central and South American countries, and the Philippines, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. How symptoms manifestSymptoms can range from mild to severe depending on the type of pathogenic Leptospira. It is an acute febrile illness, with milder types causing only cold-like symptoms. The main symptoms of Weil's disease, which is a representative severe form, are fever, Testing and diagnosisIt is difficult to diagnose the disease based on symptoms alone, but symptoms, contact with water contaminated by the urine of carrier animals, and travel history to areas where infection is prevalent can help with the diagnosis. Proteinuria, leukocytosis, and positive CRP are observed from the early stage of the disease. For a definitive diagnosis, blood Treatment methodsTreatment is with antibiotics. Many antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracycline, are effective in the early stages of infection, but streptomycin is the most effective. The progression of leptospirosis is extremely fast, and in the case of Weil's disease, if treatment is not started sooner, the disease often becomes severe. It is important to start appropriate treatment by the second day of onset, and at the latest by the fourth day of onset. What to do if you notice an illnessIf there is a chance of infection and you experience symptoms such as calf muscle pain or fever accompanied by conjunctival congestion, you should immediately visit a medical institution with an infectious disease department. If you travel to an area where leptospirosis is prevalent, such as Southeast Asia, it is important to avoid careless water exposure to prevent the disease. Mass outbreaks have been reported overseas due to water sports such as triathlons. If you are going to an endemic area for rice paddy work, civil engineering work, field surveys, etc., you should be vaccinated if possible. Doxycycline has also been reported to be effective as a drug preventative measure. Related TopicsAcute hepatitis A, acute hepatitis B, fulminant hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, biliary infection Shinichi Kasai, Shuichi Kino Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia |
どんな病気か ワイル病(レプトスピラ病)は病原性レプトスピラの感染により起こる 病原性レプトスピラは、ドブネズミなどの保菌動物の腎臓に保菌され、尿中に排泄されます。ヒトには、保菌動物の尿で汚染された水や土壌から経皮的、経口的に感染します。ヒトからヒトへの感染はありません。 1915年に稲田龍吉、井戸泰両博士により、世界で初めて病原体が発見されました。日本では、 国外では、現在でも全世界的にレプトスピラ病が流行しており、ブラジル、ニカラグアなどの中南米や、フィリピン、タイなどの東南アジアなど、熱帯、亜熱帯の国々での大流行があげられます。 症状の現れ方病原性レプトスピラの種類によって、症状は軽症から重症までさまざまです。急性発熱性の病気で、軽症型ではかぜのような症状だけで軽快します。 重症型の代表であるワイル病の主症状は、発熱、 検査と診断症状だけで診断することは難しいのですが、症状と保菌動物の尿に汚染された水への接触、感染の流行地への旅行歴などが診断の助けとなります。発病初期から、蛋白尿、白血球増多、CRP陽性などがみられます。 確定診断には、血液、 治療の方法抗生剤による治療が行われます。感染早期ではペニシリン系、テトラサイクリン系など多くの抗生剤の効果が認められますが、ストレプトマイシンが最も有効です。 レプトスピラ病の経過は極めて速く、ワイル病では治療開始時期が遅れるとしばしば重症化します。第2病日までに的確な治療を開始することが重要で、遅くとも第4病日までに治療を開始します。 病気に気づいたらどうする感染の機会があり、ふくらはぎの筋肉痛や、眼球結膜の充血を伴う発熱が現れた場合には、早急に感染症内科のある医療機関を受診します。 東南アジアなどのレプトスピラ病の流行地域へ旅行した場合には、不用意に水のなかに入らないことが予防に重要です。海外ではトライアスロンなどのウォータースポーツによる集団発生が報告されています。水田作業、土木工事、野外調査などを目的に流行地域へ行く場合、可能ならワクチンを接種します。また薬物による予防として、ドキシサイクリンの効果が報告されています。 関連項目A型急性肝炎、B型急性肝炎、劇症肝炎、薬物性肝障害、胆道感染症 葛西 眞一, 紀野 修一 出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報 |
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