Medieval European fiction, or "story." One of the most representative genres of court literature. "Romance" originally meant vulgar (everyday) language as opposed to Latin. It was assumed to be a rewrite of Latin (Medieval literature was not purely creative, but interpretation and reinterpretation of the material was mainstream), and then it came to mean a story. Medieval court literature was first written in French and then translated into other languages. Instead of the national genre of epic poetry, the first work to use material from classical antiquity (Greece and Rome) was written with Alexander the Great as the main character (fragments from the early 12th century still exist, but a complete version came later). In the mid-12th century, Roman de Thébes, Roman de d'Énéas (both anonymous authors), Le Roman de Troie (Benoît de Sainte-Maure), and others were written, but with the exception of Alexander, they were written in octagonal rhyme verse, which determined the form of subsequent romances. The Tale of Aeneas was inspired by Virgil's Aeneid and tells the story of the journey of Aeneas (armed as a medieval knight), a defeated Troy general, to the founding of Rome. It is a romance based on "ancient material," and involves a pseudo-historical work that links the story to the surviving royal family of Troy who were defeated by Greece and other European countries. The Plantagenet court was the scene of active literary activity based on the "Breton material." The expansion of the kingdom through the marriage of Henry II to Princess Eleanor, granddaughter of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (the first great poet), brought about an advanced court culture in southern France, and was the home of Wace, author of Le Roman de Brut (Brut was the great-grandson of Aeneas and conqueror of Brittany). Both Wace and probably Benois dedicated the book to the queen. Le Roman de Brut is an adaptation of the Latin text, but it is this work that refers to the Round Table, the core of the Arthurian tales, and marks the beginning of the portrayal of the king as a romantic hero. At the end of the 12th century, an English translation was made from the French (→Laiamon). Chrétien de Troyes, who served Elénor's daughter Marie de Champagne, worked on this "Breton material" and produced a romance that is considered to be the greatest masterpiece. Compared to the "ancient" works, there was a strong tendency toward "courtly love", and "Tristan and Iseult" were written at the same time by Belleur and Thomas (both in fragments). In the 13th century, the prose works "Lancelot" and "Tristan" (both anonymous) were produced, the former of which ends with the collapse of Arthur's kingdom and the death of the king and all the knights of the Round Table (→The Death of Arthur). On the other hand, realistic "adventure stories" were also produced, as seen in the works of Jean Renart. A little later, two writers, Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Mein, wrote "The Romance of the Rose" (the rose represents a woman who is the object of love) in an allegorical style. In this story, the tendency towards internalization is stronger, and most of the characters are personified abstract nouns, in addition to the first person. Here, "courtly love" no longer has a synergistic relationship with chivalry. However, The Romance of the Rose was the most widely read romance up until the Renaissance, and the latter part in particular was loved for its allegorical and educational tendencies. There are fragments of translations of the work in Flemish, Italian, and in English by Chaucer. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ヨーロッパ中世のフィクション,「物語」。宮廷文学の代表的な分野の一つ。「ロマンス」にはラテン語に対する俗語 (日常語) の意味があった。ラテン語からの書き換えを想定されたものであったが,(中世文学は純然たる創作ではなく,素材解釈,再解釈が主流) ,ついで物語を意味するようになった。 中世宮廷文学は,初めにフランス語で書かれてから各国語に翻訳された。民族的ジャンルである叙事詩に代って,アレクサンダー大王を主人公とする,『アレクサンダー物語』 (12世紀初頭の断片が現存,完璧な版は後になる) で古典古代 (ギリシア・ローマ) の素材の作品が初めて書かれた。 12世紀なかばに『テーベ物語』 Roman de Thébes,『エネアス物語』 Roman de d'Énéas (共に作者不詳) ,『トロイ物語』 Le Roman de Troie (ブノア・ド・サント=モール ) などが書かれたが,『アレクサンダー物語』を除き,平韻八音綴の韻文で書かれ,以降のロマンスの形式を決定する。『エネアス物語』はウェルギリウスの『アエネイス』 Aeneisから発想され,トロイの敗戦の将エネアス (中世の騎士の武装をしている) のローマ建国への道程を語る,「古代の素材」によるロマンスで,ローマをはじめ,ヨーロッパ各国のギリシアに敗れたトロイの生残り王族に系譜的にかかわりをもたせる偽史的作業が行われる。 「ブルターニュの素材」に基づき,活発な著作活動がなされたのは,プランタジネット朝の宮廷であった。ヘンリー2世と,フランス・アキテーヌ公ギヨーム9世 (最初の大詩人) の孫,アリエノール姫との結婚による領土拡大の結果,南フランスの進んだ宮廷文化がもたらされ,『トロイ物語』の作者および『ブリュ物語』 Le Roman de Brut (ブリュはエネアスの曾孫でブルターニュの征服者) の作者ワース Waceがいた。ワースもおそらくブノアも本書を王妃に捧げた。『ブリュ物語』は,ラテン語の翻案であるが,アーサー王物語群の核である「円卓」に言及し,王がロマンスの英雄に仕立てられるのは,この作品にはじまる。 12世紀末,仏訳から英訳がなされた (→ラヤモン ) がある。アリエノール妃の娘マリ・ド・シャンパーニュ Marie de Champagneに仕えたクレチアン・ド・トロアは,この「ブルターニュの素材」を手がけ,最大の傑作といわれるロマンスを生んだ。「古代」ものに比し,「宮廷風恋愛」への傾向が強まり,『トリスタンとイズー』がベルールとトマ (いずれも断片) により,同時期に書かれる。 13世紀には,散文『ランスロ=聖杯』と『トリスタン』 (ともに作者不詳) が成立,前者はアーサーの王国崩壊と王および円卓の騎士全員の死の叙述で締めくくられる (→アーサーの死 ) 。一方,ジャン・ルナー Jean Renartの作にみられる現実的な「冒険物語」と呼ばれる作品も生れた。やや遅れて,寓意手法による2人の作家ギヨーム・ド・ロリス,ジャン・ド・マンの『薔薇物語』 (薔薇は恋愛対象の1人の女性を表象) が書き継がれた。この物語では内面化傾向が強まり,登場人物は一人称のほかには抽象名詞の擬人化が大勢を占める。ここでは「宮廷風恋愛」は騎士道との相乗関係をもはやもたない。しかし『薔薇物語』はルネサンスにいたるまで最も読まれたロマンスで,特に後編の寓意性,教化的傾向が好まれ,フランドル語,イタリア語,チョーサーによる英訳が断片であるが残っている。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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