A tree-like representation of the relationships between various animal and plant species according to a presumed evolutionary path. Currently, there are a wide variety of animals and plants living on Earth, which are thought to have evolved from primitive organisms that appeared in ancient times. Along that path, many organisms appeared and became extinct, and various organisms emerged from some of them. The organisms that exist today are the surviving ends of the branches that evolved in this way. Therefore, when saying that humans evolved from monkeys, it is more appropriate to say that they evolved from a common ancestor, rather than that humans evolved from existing monkeys. Similarly, when saying that birds evolved from reptiles, it is thought that modern snakes and lizards did not evolve and change into birds, but that they evolved separately from a common ancestor that was different from both. A phylogenetic tree compares this evolutionary process to a tree with many branches, and shows the relationships between each group of organisms by dividing them into phyla, classes, orders, and families, just as the trunk branches into thick branches, small branches, and even thinner branches. To create a phylogenetic tree, it is necessary to integrate knowledge of morphology, development, paleontology, etc., but fossils are particularly important because they allow us to learn the morphology of organisms that lived in the past and to explore their relationships. For groups of organisms for which many fossils have been obtained and the evolution of organisms over time can be seen (such as vertebrates), almost complete phylogenetic trees have been created, and the systematic positions of major animal groups have been roughly determined by comparing morphology and development. However, for groups of organisms such as so-called lower animals and plants, only a small number of ancestral fossils that show similarities are known, and there are few characteristics that can be compared, so many of the interrelationships are unknown, and in this respect the tree is still unstable. However, it is noteworthy that prokaryotic fossils have been discovered in recent years from the Precambrian period. In recent years, with the development of population genetics and molecular biology, attempts have been made to calculate the phylogenetic distances between different organisms by comparing the amino acid sequences of homologous proteins, and to create phylogenetic trees based on this. If more organisms are compared in the future, it is likely that the unclear parts of the conventional phylogenetic trees will be improved. It is said that the first phylogenetic tree was created in 1776 by the German naturalist PS Pallas (1741-1811), but the Neo-Haeckelian tree is widely used for animals, while the one based on Engler's classification is generally used for plants. [Takehiko Nakane] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動物や植物の種々の類の間の類縁関係を、推定される進化の道筋に従って、枝分れした樹木の形をまねて表示したもの。現在、地球上には多種多様な動物や植物が生存しているが、それらは太古の時代に出現した原始生物から進化してきたものと考えられている。その道筋では数多くの生物が現れては絶滅し、その一部のものから分化して種々の生物が現れるということが繰り返されてきたことであろう。現存の生物はこのようにして進化した分枝の生き残りの末端にあたることになる。したがって、人間が猿から進化したというような表現は、現存している猿類から人間が進化してきたのではなく、両者が共通の祖先から分かれて進化したというほうが適当である。鳥類が爬虫(はちゅう)類から進化したといわれるのもこれと同様で、現在のヘビやトカゲが進化し変形して鳥になったわけではなく、どちらとも異なる共通の祖先から別々に進化してきたと考えられる。 系統樹はこのような進化の過程を多数の枝分れをもつ樹木の形に例え、もとの幹から太い枝、小枝へ、さらに細い枝へ分かれるように、門(もん)から綱(こう)、目(もく)、さらに科へと分かれる形で、各生物群の間の類縁関係を表している。系統樹を作成するには、形態、発生学・古生物学などの知識を総合することが必要であるが、とくに化石は、過去に生存していた生物の形態を知り、類縁を探ることができるので重要である。多くの化石が得られ、時代とともに生物の進化するようすがわかる生物群(たとえば脊椎(せきつい)動物)では、ほぼ完全な系統樹がつくられ、主要な動物群の系統的な位置も形態や発生の比較によってだいたいにおいて定まっている。しかし、いわゆる下等動物とか下等植物とよばれるような生物群では、類縁を示すような祖先型の化石がごく一部しか知られておらず、比較できる特徴も少ないので、相互関係の不明なものが多く、この面ではいまだに不安定である。ただ近年、原核性生物の化石が先カンブリア紀から発見されたことは注目される。 近年、集団遺伝学と分子生物学の発展に伴って、相同タンパク質のアミノ酸配列の比較によって、異なった生物の間の系統上の距離を計算し、これに基づいて系統樹をつくることが試みられている。今後さらに多くの生物について比較されれば、従来の系統樹の不明確な部分が改良されることになるであろう。 初めて系統樹をつくったのは1776年ドイツの博物学者パラスP. S. Pallas(1741―1811)であるというが、動物では新ヘッケル派によるものが広く用いられており、植物ではエングラーの分類を基本としたものが一般的である。 [中根猛彦] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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