An ancient ruin in the eastern end of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. It is the former name of the Shanshan Kingdom, which appears in the Western Regions section of the Book of Han. It is located on the northwest bank of Lop Nur, the terminus of the Tarim River. Heading west from Dunhuang, this oasis is the first place you reach, and it has flourished as a key point on the Silk Road since ancient times. It came under the control of the Xiongnu around 176 BC, but as the Western Han dynasty attempted to advance into the Western Regions, it became a place of conflict between the Han and the Xiongnu. In 108 BC, Zhao Po-nu of the Han dynasty drove out and conquered the Xiongnu, capturing the King of Loulan, and from then on Loulan came under the control of both the Han and the Xiongnu. Loulan continued to persecute Han envoys, so in 77 BC, the Han sent Fu Jiezi to kill the king and made the king's younger brother, Wei Tuqi, king, and renamed the country Shanshan. After that, the country appeared in the Han history as Shanshan, and even in the Later Han period, it was subordinate to Ban Chao. At the end of the 2nd century or the beginning of the 3rd century, the country was conquered by a group of immigrants from the Kushan dynasty that arrived from the west, and became a unified state that used the Kharoshti documents (Gandhari language) for official documents. It was a large country that stretched 900 kilometers from east to west, from the area around Lop Nur in the east to the Niya ruins in the west. According to this document, five kings reigned over Loulan during this period: Pepyah, Tajaka, Amgoka, Mahili, and Basmana. The country had a complex bureaucratic system under the king, who controlled oases such as Charmadana, Sacha, and Chadota. A chojibo (regional governor) and a sotamga (tax collector) were appointed in each oasis, and a relay system was established. Oases such as Niya were called Raya (royal territories), and had towns (nagaras) and villages (abanas). Taxes were collected on butter, sheep, grain, wine, felt, carpets, etc. Buddhism was the predominant religion, and each oasis had its own monastic order, each led by a monastic order in the capital, Loulan. Monks held government positions, were allowed to marry, and owned land and slaves, leading a prosperous life. The murals excavated in Miran, south of Klorina, show that the country's culture was strongly influenced by the West. Niya, on the western edge of Loulan, seems to have been destroyed in the 4th century, but the Loulan Kingdom flourished in the 4th and 5th centuries under a system of investiture with China's Central Plains Dynasty. However, in 439, the Northern Wei dynasty destroyed Beiliang, located in Liangzhou, and in 442 its remnants attacked Loulan, and three years later the army of Wandugui of the Northern Wei dynasty occupied Loulan. As a result, Han Mu, Duke of Jiaozi of the Northern Wei dynasty, was appointed as the new king in 448. This region continued to survive as an oasis for some time after this, but fell into ruins after the 7th century. [Kazutoshi Nagasawa] "The Kingdom of Loulan by Kazutoshi Nagasawa (1976, Daisanbunmeisha)" ▽ "Loulan by Hermann, translated by Hisao Matsuda (Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国、新疆(しんきょう)ウイグル自治区、タリム盆地東端の古代遺跡。『漢書(かんじょ)』西域(せいいき)伝にみえる鄯善(ぜんぜん)国の旧名。タリム川の末端であるロプノールの西北岸にある。敦煌(とんこう)から西方に向かうと、まず到達するのがこのオアシスであり、古来、シルク・ロードの要衝として繁栄した。紀元前176年ころ匈奴(きょうど)の支配下に入ったが、前漢が西域への進出を図るとともに、漢と匈奴の抗争の地となり、前108年、漢の趙破奴(ちょうはど)は匈奴を駆逐して征服し、楼蘭王を捕らえたので、以後楼蘭は漢と匈奴に両属した。その後も楼蘭はしばしば漢使を迫害したので、前77年、漢は傅介子(ふかいし)を送って王を殺し、王弟の尉屠耆(いとき)を王とし、国名を鄯善と改めた。以後この国は漢史には鄯善国の名で現れ、後漢(ごかん)時代に入っても班超(はんちょう)に服属した。2世紀末か3世紀初め、この国は西方から到来したクシャン朝の移民団に征服され、公文書にカローシュティー文書(もんじょ)(ガンダリー語)を使用する統一国家となった。その領域は東はロプノール周辺から西はニヤ遺跡まで、東西900キロメートルに及ぶ大国であった。この文書によると、この時代に楼蘭はペーピヤ、タジャカ、アムゴーカ、マヒリ、バスマナという5人の王が君臨していた。この国は大王の下に複雑な官僚機構をもち、チャルマダナ、サチャ、チャドータなどのオアシスを支配し、各オアシスにはチョジボー(地方長官)やソータムガ(徴税官)が任命され、駅伝制が置かれていた。ニヤのようなオアシスはラーヤ(王領)とよばれ、そこには町(ナガラ)と村(アバナ)があり、税としてバター、ヒツジ、穀物、ぶどう酒、フェルト、カーペットなどが徴収された。宗教としては仏教が盛んで、各オアシスに僧団が置かれ、それぞれ首都クロライナ(楼蘭)の僧団に統率されていた。僧侶(そうりょ)は官職につき、妻帯を許され、土地・奴隷を有して豊かな生活を送っていた。クロライナ南方のミーラン出土の壁画は、この国の文化がきわめて西方色豊かであったことを示している。 楼蘭西端のニヤは4世紀に滅んだらしいが、楼蘭王国は4~5世紀、中国の中原(ちゅうげん)王朝と冊封(さくほう)体制を結び繁栄した。しかし439年、北魏(ほくぎ)が涼州にあった北涼を滅ぼしたため、442年その残党が楼蘭を攻め、その3年後には北魏の万度帰の軍が楼蘭を占領した。その結果、448年には北魏の交趾(こうし)公韓牧(かんぼく)が新しい王として赴任した。この地方はオアシスとしては、この後もしばらく命脈を保つが、7世紀以降は廃墟と化した。 [長澤和俊] 『長澤和俊著『楼蘭王国』(1976・第三文明社)』▽『ヘルマン著、松田寿男訳『楼蘭』(平凡社・東洋文庫)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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