American experimental embryologist and physiologist. Born in Germany, he studied philosophy at the University of Berlin and cerebrospinal physiology at the University of Strasbourg. He then worked as an assistant professor in physiology at the University of Würzburg and other institutions. In 1891, he moved to the United States, where he served as a professor of physiology at the University of Chicago and the University of California, and became a member of the Rockefeller Institute. His research, which experimentally analyzes the phenomena exhibited by living organisms from a physicochemical perspective, covers a wide range of fields. He conducted outstanding research on animal taxis, regeneration phenomena, the physiological significance of inorganic ions, and the physicochemistry of proteins. His most famous work was an experiment in which unfertilized sea urchin eggs were immersed in seawater containing dissolved chemicals to initiate development, which was a major turning point in the debate between vitalism and mechanicism at the time. While conducting physicochemical experiments, he also stressed the importance of viewing living organisms as a single unified entity. His major works include "Comparative Physiology and Comparative Psychology of the Brain" (1900), "The Dynamic Activities of Living Things" (1906), "Biological Essays: A Mechanistic Conception of Life" (1912), "Artificial Virgin Reproduction and Fertilization" (1913), and "The Organism as a Whole" (1916). [Shigeo Takeuchi] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの実験発生学者、生理学者。ドイツで生まれ、ベルリン大学で哲学を、ストラスブール大学で脳脊髄(せきずい)生理学をそれぞれ学んだ。その後ウュルツブルク大学などで助手として生理学の研究に携わった。1891年アメリカに渡り、シカゴ大学、カリフォルニア大学の生理学教授を歴任し、ロックフェラー研究所の所員となった。生物の示す現象を物理化学的な面から実験的に解析するという立場からの研究は広範な分野に及んでいる。動物の走性、再生現象、無機イオン類の生理学的意義からタンパク質の物理化学まで優れた研究を行ったが、そのなかでも著名な仕事は、ウニの未受精卵を化学物質を溶かした海水に浸すことにより発生を開始させた実験で、当時の生気論と機械論の論争の渦中に大きな石を投じたものであった。物理化学的な実験を進めると同時に、生物を一つの統一体としてとらえることの重要さを説いた。主著に、『脳の比較生理学と比較心理学』(1900)、『生きているものの動的活動』(1906)、『生物学的エッセイ 生命の機械論的概念』(1912)、『人工処女生殖と受精』(1913)、『一つの全体としての生物体』(1916)などがある。 [竹内重夫] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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