Agronomy - English

Japanese: 農学 - のうがく(英語表記)agronomy 英語
Agronomy - English

Agricultural science refers to a unified system of science and technology for realizing the sustainable development of agriculture. Agriculture, which is the subject of research in agriculture, is a purposeful activity whose main purpose is to produce food and other necessities for survival that are essential for the preservation and fulfillment of human life, and which also seeks to improve the way humans live, that is, to enrich their lives. Therefore, agriculture is not simply the study of agricultural knowledge, but a practical study that seeks to realize human "life" by promoting the development of agriculture. In other words, agriculture is an academic discipline pursued with the goal of realizing human "life."

Therefore, agriculture is constituted as an applied science with an interdisciplinary and complex character that spans the fields of natural science, humanities, and social science. In other words, agriculture is composed of a variety of branched sciences such as crop science, horticulture, animal husbandry, soil and fertilizer science, agricultural machinery science, agricultural manufacturing science, and agricultural economics, which are based on biology, chemistry, physics, and economics. In a broad sense, agriculture also includes forestry, fisheries, sericulture, and veterinary medicine.

The establishment of modern agricultural science is deeply connected to the development of agriculture. It is said that humanity entered the agricultural stage between 7000 and 6000 BC, following, or in parallel with, foraging, hunting, fishing, and animal husbandry. As agriculture developed, great civilizations such as the Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations were formed, and empirical knowledge about agriculture was accumulated. Particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, fairly systematic books on agriculture began to be published in both Western Europe and Japan.

However, it was Albrecht Ther of Germany who established the foundations of modern agricultural science. Ther used British agriculture as a model and compiled the knowledge he had gained from his own farm management in "The Foundations of Rational Agriculture" (four volumes, 1809-12). In this work, Ther argued that agriculture is a business aimed at earning money, and that rational agriculture is the agriculture that produces the highest net profits. In order to achieve this goal, he argued that agronomy is an academic field that studies agriculture from two perspectives: agricultural production technology and agricultural management.

Modern agricultural science, which began with Thea, was developed in the natural sciences by the chemist Liebig and in the social sciences by the economist Thünen. Liebig advocated the so-called mineral theory and the law of minimum nutrients, which states that plant nutrition comes from minerals in the soil, and that plant growth is controlled by the smallest mineral content in the soil. Thünen, who ran his own farm, compiled "Isolated Countries" (3 parts, 4 volumes, 1826-63), in which he proposed the so-called "Thünen Zone," in which various agricultural and forestry zones are determined concentrically by differential rent based on the distance from the market.

In Japan, many books on agriculture were published from the 17th century onwards, but because the sciences that form the basis of agriculture lagged behind those in the West, they did not bear fruit as modern agriculture. Thus, from the Meiji period onwards, Japanese agriculture developed mainly around Western agricultural science.

[Keiichi Sakamoto]

"Kashiwa Yutaka, 'The Principles of Agriculture' (1962, Yokendou) " "Iinuma Jiro, 'Research on the Agricultural Revolution - The Rise and Fall of Modern Agriculture' (1985, Rural Culture Association)"

[References] | Thünen | Theer | Agriculture | Agricultural books | Liebig

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

農業の永続的発展を実現するための科学・技術の統一的体系をいう。農学の研究対象である農業は、人間の生命保全と生活充足に不可欠の食料その他の生存必需品の生産をおもな目的とし、さらに人間の生き方、つまり人生の充実を図ろうとする合目的的活動である。それゆえ農学は、農業に関する単なる認識の学ではなくて、農業の発展を図ることによって人間の「生」を実現しようとする実践の学である。つまり、農学は人間的「生」の実現を目的として追究する学問である。

 そのため農学は、自然科学と人文・社会科学の領域にまたがる学際的、複合的性格をもつ応用科学として構成される。すなわち農学は、生物学・化学・物理学・経済学などを基礎として形成された作物学・園芸学・畜産学・土壌肥料学・農業機械学・農産製造学・農業経済学などの多彩な分科諸科学によって構成される。そのほか林学・水産学・養蚕学・獣医学なども広い意味で農学を構成する。

 近代農学の成立は農業の展開と深くかかわる。人類は採集・狩猟・漁労・牧畜に続いて、あるいはそれらと並行しながら、紀元前7000年から前6000年にかけて農耕段階に入ったといわれる。農業の発達につれてエジプト文明やシュメール文明といった巨大な文明が形成され、農業についての経験的知識の集積も進められた。とくに17~18世紀になると、西欧でも日本でも、農業についてのかなり体系的な書物が刊行されるようになる。

 しかし、近代農学の基礎が固められたのは、ドイツのアルブレヒト・テーアによってである。テーアはイギリスの農業をモデルとし、自らの農業経営によって得た知識を集大成して、『合理的農業の基礎』(全四巻、1809~12)を取りまとめた。本書においてテーアは、農業とは貨幣獲得を目的とする一つの営業であるとし、合理的農業とは最高の純収益をあげる農業であるとした。そして、この目的を実現するために、農学は農業生産技術と農業経営の二つの面から農業を研究する学問であると説いた。

 テーアを出発点とする近代農学は、自然科学の面で化学者リービヒによって、また社会科学の面で経済学者チューネンによって発展させられた。すなわち、リービヒは、植物の栄養は土壌中の鉱物質であって、土壌中に含まれる鉱物質中の最少の成分によって植物の生長が支配されるとする、いわゆる鉱物質説および最少養分律を唱えた。またチューネンは、自ら農場を経営しながら『孤立国』(全三部四巻、1826~63)をまとめ、市場からの距離に基づく差額地代によって、各種の農林業圏が同心円的に定まるとする、いわゆる「チューネン圏」を提唱した。

 日本でも17世紀以降、多くの農書が出されたが、西欧に比して農学の基礎となる諸科学が立ち後れたために、近代農学として結実するに至らなかった。こうして明治以降、日本の農学は西洋農学を中心として発展したのである。

[坂本慶一]

『柏祐賢著『農学原論』(1962・養賢堂)』『飯沼二郎著『農業革命の研究――近代農学の成立と破綻』(1985・農山漁村文化協会)』

[参照項目] | チューネン | テーア | 農業 | 農書 | リービヒ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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