Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

Japanese: コーンウォリス(英語表記)Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
Born: December 31, 1738, London
[Died] October 5, 1805. Ghazibur, British soldier and colonial administrator. At the outbreak of the American War of Independence, he was sent to the country as a major general (1776) and was entrusted with the command of the southern part of the country by H. Clinton. In 1780, he defeated the American army at Camden, South Carolina, but the following year, he invaded Virginia and, due to his reckless strategy, was surrounded by G. Washington's army at Yorktown and surrendered. In 1786, he was appointed Viceroy of India and reformed the Indian governing system. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1892), he won over the indigenous forces such as the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam, defeated Tipu Sultan, and forced him to cede most of his territory. He then introduced the perpetual zamindar system in the Bengal region (which fixed the zamindars in the status of modern British landowners and tried to get the zamindars to pay a high fixed land tax from the peasants), greatly advancing the colonization of southern India. In 1892 he was created a marquis, but retired the following year and returned to England. He was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1898-1801). He suppressed the rebellion of 1898 and supported Pitt the Younger's policy of uniting the Irish. He resigned as Lord Lieutenant when George III refused to emancipate Catholics. As plenipotentiary, he concluded the Treaty of Amiens (02). In 1805, after Governor R. Wellesley was recalled, he was reappointed Lord Lieutenant of India, but died of illness in his post.

Cornwallis
Cornwallis, Sir William

Born: 20th February 1744 in Suffolk
[Died] July 5, 1819. Hampshire. British naval officer. Fourth son of the 1st Earl Cornwallis, and younger brother of C. Cornwallis. Participated in operations in the West Indies during the American War of Independence. In 1788, dispatched as naval commander to India, where his brother was Governor, and served in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Promoted to Rear Admiral in 1793 and Admiral in 1799. Appointed commander of the British Channel Fleet in charge of the blockade of Brest in 1801, he made a great contribution to thwarting Napoleon I's plans to invade Britain. Retired in 1806.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1738.12.31. ロンドン
[没]1805.10.5. ガージーブル
イギリスの軍人,植民地行政官。アメリカ独立戦争勃発に際し,少将として現地に派遣され (1776) ,南部の作戦指揮を H.クリントンから委任された。 1780年アメリカ軍をサウスカロライナのカムデンで破り成功を収めたが,翌年バージニアに進攻,無謀な作戦を展開したため,ヨークタウンで G.ワシントンの軍に包囲され,降伏。 86年インド総督に任命され,インドの統治制度を改革。第3次マイソール戦争 (90~92) ではマラータ同盟やニザームなどの土着勢力を味方に引入れてティプ・スルターンを破り,その領土の大半を割譲させた。次いでベンガル地域に永代ザミーンダール制度 (ザミーンダールをイギリス的な近代的地主の地位に固定し,ザミーンダールが農民から高率定額の地租を納入させようとするもの) を導入して,南インドの植民地化を大きく進展させた。 92年侯爵を授かり,翌年退任,帰国。さらにアイルランド総督に就任 (98~1801) 。 98年の反乱を鎮圧し,ピット (小) のアイルランド合同政策を支持した。ジョージ3世がカトリック教徒解放を拒んだため総督を辞任。全権大使としてアミアンの和約を締結 (02) 。 1805年 R.ウェルズリー総督召還のあとをうけてインド総督に再任されたが,任地で病没。

コーンウォリス
Cornwallis, Sir William

[生]1744.2.20. サフォーク
[没]1819.7.5. ハンプシャー
イギリスの海軍軍人。初代コーンウォリス伯の4男,C.コーンウォリスの弟。アメリカ独立戦争では主として西インド諸島海域の作戦に参加。 1788年兄が総督をつとめるインドに海軍司令官として派遣され,第3次マイソール戦争に従軍。 93年少将,99年大将に昇進。 1801年ブレスト港封鎖作戦を担当するイギリス海峡艦隊司令官に任命され,ナポレオン1世のイギリス侵攻計画を阻止するのに大いに貢献した。 06年退役。

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