It is a surgical procedure to artificially deliver a mature fetus by cutting open the pregnant uterus, and the name Caesarean section is a direct translation of the German Kaiserschnitt. The etymology comes from the Latin sectio caesarea, and the general theory about this German translation is that it is based on Julius Caesar giving birth by incising the abdominal wall, but the most popular theory is that it is a reduplicate word that comes from caesura (to cut), which means to cut the pregnant uterus, and some people argue that it should be called Schnittentbindung (German), an open abdominal delivery method. There are two types of cesarean section: abdominal cesarean section and vaginal cesarean section. Abdominal cesarean section, in which the abdominal wall is incised to reach the uterus, is performed as an obstetric operation in the final stages of pregnancy, while vaginal cesarean section, in which the vaginal wall is incised to reach the uterus and the fetus is delivered through the vagina using a vertical isthmus incision, is only used in special cases (mainly mid-trimester abortions) before the eighth month of pregnancy. In other words, it is not performed with the aim of having a live baby. [Masao Arai] Abdominal Cesarean SectionThe abdominal wall is incised either through a vertical incision along the midline below the umbilicus or a horizontal incision in the lower abdomen, but there are two ways to access the uterus: intraperitoneal cesarean section and extraperitoneal cesarean section. (1) Intraperitoneal Caesarean Section After the abdominal wall, the peritoneum is incised to open the abdominal cavity and reach the uterus. In this case, there are two methods for incising the uterus: a classical Caesarean section in which the uterine body is incised vertically, and a cervical Caesarean section in which the lower part of the uterus is incised horizontally. Currently, the cervical Caesarean section is the most commonly used method. (2) Extraperitoneal Caesarean Section: After incising the abdominal wall, the gap between the bladder and peritoneum is separated and widened without cutting the peritoneum, the lower part of the uterus is exposed, and a transverse incision is made to deliver the fetus. In this case, the abdominal cavity is not opened, so there are no problems such as postoperative peritonitis or intestinal adhesions, and the postoperative course is easier for the patient. In addition, in cases where there is a risk of infection after rupture of the membranes, it is also important to avoid the occurrence of peritonitis. However, this extraperitoneal Caesarean section cannot be performed in cases where tubal ligation is required as a permanent sterilization to prevent re-pregnancy, or when intraperitoneal procedures are required to treat complications such as myoma. In addition, various methods of anesthesia for cesarean section, such as local anesthesia, intravenous anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and inhalation anesthesia, can be used alone or in combination, and are selected carefully based on the safety of both mother and child and the urgency of the indication for cesarean section. [Masao Arai] Indications for Caesarean SectionCaesarean section is indicated when vaginal birth is impossible or extremely difficult or dangerous, such as in cases of severe narrow pelvis, cephalopelvic disproportion, placenta previa, breech presentation (especially in older primiparas), uterine or vaginal anomalies, or when immediate danger to either mother or baby is required to complete delivery quickly. However, there are some constraints on Cesarean section, such as (1) the mother must be able to tolerate the surgery, (2) the labor must not be too advanced, (3) the fetus must be viable, and (4) the safety of the mother and child must be ensured. However, it may be performed to save the mother's life even if the fetus is too small to survive outside the mother's body or the baby has died. [Masao Arai] Safety of Caesarean SectionIn Japan, 4-5% of all births are by Caesarean section, with the mortality rate said to be 0.5-1% for the mother and 2-5% for the fetus. This is about 10 times higher than the maternal mortality rate for natural childbirth, but this figure must take into account the fact that surgery is performed when the mother and child are already at imminent risk. [Masao Arai] History of the procedureIt is said that in ancient Egypt and ancient Israel, there was a custom of delivering the fetus through the abdominal wall and burying it when a pregnant woman died, but the first person to perform a Caesarean section on a living person was the 16th century French surgeon J. Guilbemeau (1550-1609), followed by J. Trautmann in Germany in 1610. However, it was the German surgeon Joerg (1807) who revised the traditional classical surgical method and presented the cervical Caesarean section, and after improvements by Frank (1907), the basis of the current surgical method was established. [Masao Arai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
妊娠子宮を切開して人工的に成熟胎児を娩出(べんしゅつ)する手術のことで、帝王切開の名称はドイツ語のカイゼルシュニットKaiserschnittの直訳である。語源はラテン語のセクチオ・カエサレアsectio caesareaに由来するが、このドイツ語訳については、ユリウス・カエサルが腹壁切開によって出産したことに基づくとする説が一般的であるが、カエスラcaesura(切ること)すなわち妊娠子宮を切開するという意からきた重複語とする説が有力視されており、この説をとって開腹分娩法Schnittentbindung(ドイツ語)とよぶべきであると主張する者もいる。 帝王切開の術式としては、腹式帝王切開と腟(ちつ)式帝王切開がある。腹壁を切開して子宮に達する腹式帝王切開は、妊娠末期に産科手術として実施されているものであるが、腟壁を切開して子宮に達し、子宮峡部縦切開法によって胎児を腟を通して娩出させる腟式帝王切開は、妊娠8か月以前の特別の場合(おもに妊娠中期中絶)以外には用いられない。すなわち、生児を得る目的で行われることはない。 [新井正夫] 腹式帝王切開腹壁の切開は、臍下(さいか)正中線の縦切開または下腹部の横切開のいずれかによるが、子宮に達する経路に腹膜内帝王切開と腹膜外帝王切開の二つの方法がある。 (1)腹膜内帝王切開 腹壁に続いて腹膜を切開し腹腔(ふくくう)を開放して子宮に達するが、この場合、子宮の切開法に二つの方式がある。すなわち、子宮体部を縦切開する古典的帝王切開と、子宮下部を横切開する頸(けい)部帝王切開で、現在では頸部帝王切開がもっとも一般的に行われる。 (2)腹膜外帝王切開 腹壁切開後に腹膜を切開しないで膀胱(ぼうこう)と腹膜との間隙(かんげき)を分離して広げ、子宮下部を露出したうえで横切開を加え、胎児を娩出する方法である。この場合は腹腔を開かないので、術後の腹膜炎や腸管癒着などの障害はおこらないし、術後の経過も患者にとっては楽である。また、破水後の感染のおそれがある症例には、腹膜炎の発生を避けるための意義もある。しかし、再度の妊娠を避けるための永久不妊手術の卵管結紮(けっさつ)、あるいは筋腫(きんしゅ)などの合併症の治療も兼ねた腹腔内操作を必要とする場合には、この腹膜外帝王切開は行えない。 なお、帝王切開の麻酔には局所麻酔、静脈麻酔、脊椎(せきつい)麻酔、吸入麻酔など種々の方法が単独または併用して行われるが、母児双方の安全と帝王切開適応内容の緊急性いかんを慎重に考慮して選択される。 [新井正夫] 帝王切開の適応帝王切開は経腟分娩が不可能か、それとも非常に困難で、危険な場合に行われる。すなわち、高度の狭骨盤、児頭骨盤不均衡、前置胎盤、骨盤位(とくに高年初産婦の場合)、子宮や腟の形態異常、あるいは母児いずれかに危険が差し迫って速やかに分娩を完了することが必要な場合などが適応とされる。 しかし、帝王切開の制約として、(1)母体が手術に耐えうること、(2)分娩があまり進行していないこと、(3)胎児が生きていること、(4)母児の安全が確保できること、があげられる。ただし、胎児が小さすぎて母体外で生活不可能な場合や死亡した子の場合でも、母体の生命を救うためには実施されることがある。 [新井正夫] 帝王切開の安全性日本では全分娩の4~5%が帝王切開によるが、死亡率は母体で0.5~1%、胎児は2~5%といわれる。母体死亡率を自然分娩の場合に比べると約10倍も大きいが、この数字は、母児にもともと危険が差し迫っているときに手術が行われるという点を考慮に入れなければならない。 [新井正夫] 術式の沿革古代エジプトや古代イスラエルの時代には、妊婦が死亡したとき腹壁より胎児を娩出させ、埋葬する風習があったといわれるが、帝王切開を生体に最初に行ったのは、16世紀のフランスの外科医ギルベミューJ. Guilbemeau(1550―1609)であり、1610年にはドイツでトラウトマンJ. Trautmannが行っている。しかし、従来の古典的術式を改めて頸部帝王切開術を発表したのはドイツのヨーエルクJoerg(1807)であり、フランクFrankの改良(1907)を経て現在の術式の基礎が確立された。 [新井正夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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