Recessive

Japanese: 劣性 - れっせい(英語表記)recessive
Recessive

Regarding a pair of allelic traits in an organism, a trait or gene that is hidden and not manifested as a trait in an individual with a heterozygous genotype is called recessive. In contrast, a trait or gene that is manifested as a trait is called dominant. This term was first coined by Mendel, who discovered the laws of heredity, when he named the traits that are manifested in the first generation of hybrids produced by mating parents with a pair of allelic traits among various allelic traits such as the shape and color of pea seeds and pods as dominant, and the traits that are hidden and not expressed as recessive.

Even if recessive traits are disadvantageous to an organism, they do not manifest in the heterozygous state, and so they are often preserved in populations for a long time. In humans, recessive inheritance includes congenital albinism, in which melanin pigment is not produced in the skin or hair of the entire body. Human skin contains many pigment cells and contains black melanin granules. Black people have a lot of melanin pigment, white people have the least, and Asians are roughly in between. Melanin is formed when an enzyme called tyrosine kinase acts on the amino acid tyrosine, but if there is an abnormality in this enzyme, melanin pigment is not produced and albinism occurs. Albinism can be found in all races, and occurs in about 1 in 20,000 Japanese people. Other sex-linked genetic diseases include hemophilia and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (a congenital metabolic disorder of purine nucleotides that causes cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, hyperuricemia, etc.). Other known autosomal recessive genetic diseases include phenylketonuria, galactosemia, sickle cell anemia (a genetic disease common among Negroids in Africa and other regions, which causes mutations in hemoglobin and results in severe anemia), acatalaseemia, and xeroderma pigmentosum.

[Kuroda Yukiaki]

"Human Genetics" by Takashi Komai (1966, Baifukan Publishing) " "Genetics for the 21st Century 1: Basic Genetics" edited by Yukiaki Kuroda (1995, Shokabo Publishing)

[Reference] | amino acid | gene | genotype | genetic disease | pea | catalase | trait | enzyme | hybrid | chromosome | allelic trait | tyrosine | sex-linked|heterozygous | homozygous | melanin | Mendel | Mendel 's law| dominant

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物の1組の対立形質について、ヘテロ(異型)の遺伝子型をもつ個体で、形質として現れずに隠された性質、またはその遺伝子を劣性という。これに対して形質として現れる性質、またはその遺伝子を優性という。この語は遺伝の法則を発見したメンデルが、エンドウの種子や莢(さや)の形、色など各種対立形質のなかの1組の対立形質をもつ親どうしの交配によって生じた雑種第1代で発現する形質を優性、隠されて発現しない形質を劣性と名づけたのが最初である。

 劣性の形質は、生物にとって不利なものであっても、ヘテロの状態ではそれが発現しないため、生物集団のなかに長く保存されることが多い。ヒトにおいて劣性遺伝をする形質としては、全身の皮膚や毛髪にメラニン色素ができない先天性白皮症がある。ヒトの皮膚には、多くの色素細胞があり、黒色のメラニン顆粒(かりゅう)が含まれている。黒人ではこのメラニン色素が多く、白人はもっとも少なく、黄色人種はほぼ中間である。メラニンは、チロシンというアミノ酸にチロシンキナーゼという酵素が作用して形成されるが、この酵素に異常がおこるとメラニン色素ができずに白皮症になる。白皮症はどの人種にもあり、日本人にも2万人に1人くらいの頻度で現れる。そのほか、伴性遺伝をする遺伝病としては、血友病やレッシュ‐ナイハン症候群(先天性プリンヌクレオチドの代謝異常。脳性小児麻痺、知能障害、高尿酸尿などをおこす)などがある。また常染色体性の劣性遺伝病としては、フェニルケトン尿症、ガラクトース血症、鎌型赤血球貧血症(アフリカなどのネグロイドに多い遺伝病で、血色素に突然変異をおこし、強度の貧血をおこす)、無カタラーゼ血症、色素性乾皮症などが知られている。

[黒田行昭]

『駒井卓著『人類の遺伝学』(1966・培風館)』『黒田行昭編著『21世紀への遺伝学1 基礎遺伝学』(1995・裳華房)』

[参照項目] | アミノ酸 | 遺伝子 | 遺伝子型 | 遺伝病 | エンドウ | カタラーゼ | 形質 | 酵素 | 雑種 | 染色体 | 対立形質 | チロシン | 伴性遺伝 | ヘテロ | ホモ | メラニン | メンデル | メンデルの法則 | 優性

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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