Yugoslav Civil War - Yugoslav Civil War

Japanese: ユーゴスラビア内戦 - ゆーごすらびあないせん

In Yugoslavia, the partisan war against the Axis forces from 1941 to 1945 ended in victory, and at the end of 1945 elections for a constituent assembly were held, forming the Federal People's Republic with Tito as its head. After being expelled from the Cominform in 1948, the country promoted an "independent socialism" based on the twin pillars of self-management and non-alignment. In 1974, a constitution was drawn up as the culmination of self-managed socialism. However, with the death of life-president Tito in 1980 and a worsening economic crisis, conflicts between the republic and ethnic groups became apparent, leading to the country's dissolution. With its dissolution came the largest ethnic conflict since the end of the Cold War. The civil war can be divided into three periods. The first period was the Ten-Day War between federal forces and the Slovenian Republic forces following Slovenia's independence in June 1991. The second period was the Croatian Civil War between the Serb forces of the Serb Republic of Krajina and the Croatian Republic's forces, which began in earnest in September 1991 after Croatia's independence. The third period was the Bosnian Civil War, which began in March 1992 and was fought between three factions: Muslims, Serbs and Croats. The Croatian government and Bosnian Muslim forces do not regard this war as a civil war, but as a war of aggression by the Yugoslav Federal People's Army or Serbia. During the course of the Yugoslav Civil War, the federation was dissolved, and in April 1992 the remnant state of Yugoslavia (New Yugoslavia, now the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro) was established as the remaining state. By the time the Dayton Peace Accords were reached under U.S. leadership in November 1995, bringing an end to the Bosnian civil war, horrific massacres had taken place, with nearly 200,000 people killed and more than 2.5 million refugees and displaced persons produced in Bosnia alone.

(Yoshihiro Shiba Professor, University of Tokyo / 2007)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:

ユーゴスラビアでは、1941〜45年の枢軸軍に対するパルチザン戦争が勝利を収め、45年末には憲法制定会議の選挙が実施されてチトーを首班とする連邦人民共和国が形成された。48年にコミンフォルムから追放されたあと、自主管理と非同盟を二本柱とする「独自の社会主義」を進めた。自主管理社会主義の集大成として、74年に憲法が制定された。しかし80年に終身大統領のチトーが死去し、経済危機が深刻化する中で、共和国・民族間対立が顕在化して解体の道を歩む。解体に伴って、冷戦終結後最大の民族紛争が生じた。内戦は3つの時期に区分できる。第1期は91年6月のスロベニアの独立に伴う、連邦軍とスロベニア共和国軍との「10日間戦争」、第2期はクロアチアの独立後、91年9月から本格化したクライナ・セルビア人共和国のセルビア人勢力とクロアチア共和国軍とのクロアチア内戦、第3期は92年3月に始まるムスリム、セルビア人、クロアチア人3勢力によるボスニア内戦である。クロアチア政府とボスニアのムスリム勢力はこの戦争を内戦とは捉えず、ユーゴ連邦人民軍あるいはセルビアによる侵略戦争と規定する。ユーゴ内戦の過程で連邦は解体し、92年4月に残存国家として、セルビアとモンテネグロからなるユーゴスラビア連邦(新ユーゴ、現セルビア共和国とモンテネグロ共和国)が成立した。95年11月に米国の主導でデイトン和平合意が成立してボスニア内戦が終結するまでに、凄惨な殺戮(さつりく)が展開され、ボスニアだけで20万近い死者と250万を超える難民・避難民を出した。

(柴宜弘東京大学教授／ 2007年)

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