Liu Shaoqi

Chinese politician. Born in Hunan Province. After studying at the First Normal School in Changsha, where Mao Zedong also studied, he studied abroad at the Eastern Workers' University in Moscow. After returning to China, he joined the Socialist Youth League in 1920, and joined the Chinese Communist Party the following year in 1921. In 1922, he was appointed Secretary of the Chinese Trade Union Secretariat and led the strike at Anyuan Coal Mine in Hunan Province. In 1925, he became Vice Chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and was active in Guangzhou and then Wuhan, leading the May 30th Incident in Shanghai. After the split between the Kuomintang and Communist Party, he engaged in underground work in the Kuomintang-controlled area (Bai District). In 1932, he entered the Jiangxi Soviet area and participated in the Long March, and at the Zunyi Conference during the Long March, he supported Mao Zedong. He infiltrated Beijing from Shaanbei, and worked in the White District as a secretary for the Party's Local Bureau, Central Plains Bureau, and Central China Bureau. In 1941, when the New Fourth Army Incident occurred, he passed through the Japanese occupied area and went to the New Fourth Army area, where he worked on rebuilding the New Fourth Army as a political commissar. He returned to Yan'an in 1943 and was appointed Secretary of the Central Secretariat and Deputy Director of the People's Revolutionary Military Committee. At the 7th Party Congress in 1945, he was second only to Chairman Mao as Vice Chairman of the Central Political Bureau. During this time, he published such works as On the Cultivation of Communist Party Members (1939), On Party Organization (1945), and Internationalism and Nationalism (1948), which were also important theoretical works. With the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he became Vice Chairman of the Central People's Government and Vice Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Committee. At the First People's Congress in 1954, he became Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee. At the 8th Party Congress in 1956, he delivered a political report and became the Party's Vice Chairman. In 1959, he became President after Mao Zedong's retirement. After the Great Leap Forward policy reached a deadlock, he worked with General Secretary Deng Xiaoping to restore the economy, but the policy he implemented at that time, known as the "Three Selfs and One Package" (free market, self-reservation, increasing the number of self-employed businesses, and individual household contracting for agricultural production), was later criticized. When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, his "Three Selfs and One Package" policy and class "harmony" theory were criticized, and he was severely criticized along with his wife Wang Guangmei as "the most powerful faction in the Party walking the path of capitalism" and "China's Khrushchev." At the 9th Party Congress in 1969, he was expelled and stripped of his public office. He died in Henan Province in the same year. In 1980, he was rehabilitated.

[Ando Hikotaro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の政治家。湖南省出身。毛沢東(もうたくとう)も学んだ長沙(ちょうさ)の第一師範に在学したあと、モスクワの東方労働者大学に留学、帰国して1920年社会主義青年団に加入、翌1921年中国共産党に入党、1922年から中国労働組合書記部書記に任じ、湖南省安源炭鉱の争議を指導。1925年中華全国総工会副主席となり、広州、ついで武漢で活動、上海(シャンハイ)では五・三〇事件を指導。国共分裂後は国民党支配地区（白区）で地下工作に従事。1932年江西ソビエト地区に入って長征に参加、長征途次の遵義(じゅんぎ)会議では毛沢東支持の側にたった。陝北(せんほく)から北京(ペキン)に潜行、党地方局、中原局、華中局などの書記として、白区工作を行い、1941年、新四軍事件が起こると、日本軍占領下を通って新四軍地区に赴き、その政治委員として新四軍再建にあたった。1943年延安に戻り、中央書記処書記、人民革命軍事委員会副主任などに任じ、1945年の第7回党大会では中央政治局副主席として毛沢東主席に次ぐ地位についた。その間『共産党員の修養を論ず』（1939）、『党の組織を論ず』（1945）、『国際主義と民族主義』（1948）などの著作を発表、理論面でも重きをなした。1949年新中国成立とともに中央人民政府副主席、人民革命軍事委員会副主席。1954年の第1期人民代表大会では常務委員会副委員長。1956年の第8回党大会では政治報告を行い、党副主席となる。1959年には毛沢東退任の後を受けて国家主席。大躍進政策が行き詰まったあとの調整政策では、鄧小平(とうしょうへい)総書記とともに経済回復に努めたが、そのときの政策が「三自一包」（自由市場、自留地、自営業を多くし、農業生産を各戸請負制とする）として、のちに批判の的とされた。1966年、文化大革命が開始されると、その「三自一包」政策や、階級「協調」論などがあげつらわれ、「資本主義の道を歩む党内最大の実権派」「中国のフルシチョフ」として、王光美夫人とともに激しく批判され、1969年、第9回党大会で除名、公職剥奪(はくだつ)の処分を受けた。同年、河南省で死去。1980年名誉回復の措置がとられた。

［安藤彦太郎］

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