Liu Yuan

He was the first ruler of the Han Dynasty (later the Former Zhao Dynasty) during the Five Barbarians and Sixteen Kingdoms period in China (reigned 304-310). He was a direct descendant of the Xiongnu tribe's Southern Chanyu, who surrendered to the Eastern Han Dynasty in the middle of the 1st century, and spent his childhood as a hostage in Luoyang, the capital of the Wei and Western Jin dynasties, and is said to have excelled in both martial arts and academics. After his father's death, he returned to his hometown, succeeded the position of Left Commander, and then led the entire southern Xiongnu as the Five Grand Commanders. When the Rebellion of the Eight Kings broke out, he served under one of them, Chengdu King Sima Ying, and fought in various battles, but later returned to Lishi (Lishi County, Shanxi Province), became the Great Chanyu, and proclaimed himself the King of Han (304). He then became emperor (308) and moved the capital from Puzi (near Yan County, Shanxi Province) to Pingyang (Linfen City, Shanxi Province) to watch over Luoyang, but died before succeeding in doing so.

[Shiro Sekio]

``History of the Formation of the Sui and Tang Empire'' by Michio Tanikawa (1971, Chikuma Shobo) ▽ ``North Asian History Research: Xiongnu Edition'' by Ginpu Uchida (1975, Dohosha Publishing)''

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、五胡(ごこ)十六国時代、漢（後の前趙(ぜんちょう)）の初代の君主（在位304～310）。1世紀中ごろ後漢(ごかん)に降(くだ)った匈奴(きょうど)族南単于(ぜんう)の嫡系の子孫で、幼少の時期、人質として魏(ぎ)・西晋(せいしん)の都洛陽(らくよう)で過ごした経験をもち、武芸、学術ともに優れていたという。その後、父の死に伴って郷里に戻り、左部帥(さぶすい)の地位を継ぎ、さらに五部大都督(だいととく)として全南匈奴を統率した。八王の乱が勃発(ぼっぱつ)すると、その1人成都王司馬穎(しばえい)の指揮下に入って転戦したが、のちに離石（山西省離石県）に帰って大単于の位につき、漢王を自称した（304）。さらに皇帝位に上り（308）、蒲子(ほし)（山西省隰(しつ)県付近）から平陽（山西省臨汾(りんふん)市）に遷都して洛陽をうかがったが、果たさずして没した。

［關尾史郎］

『谷川道雄著『隋唐帝国形成史論』（1971・筑摩書房）』▽『内田吟風著『北アジア史研究　匈奴篇』（1975・同朋舎出版）』

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