The part where the moisture in the soil or in the gaps of the weathered layer freezes and solidifies the whole layer like rock is called frozen soil, and the area where frozen soil exists is called tundra. The temperature in the deep underground is almost constant throughout the year, but if it is below freezing, the frozen soil will not melt forever. This is called permafrost, and its distribution almost corresponds to the area where the annual average temperature is below freezing. In the season when the temperature exceeds 0°C, the frozen soil near the surface melts, but since moisture cannot penetrate below the permafrost layer, the soil on the surface becomes tundra soil characterized by gley layers and peat due to poor drainage. Permafrost is known to be several meters to tens of meters thick, and sometimes reaches hundreds of meters, and is widely distributed in Siberia, Canada, and northern Alaska. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is limited to the southern tip of Chile. Permafrost is extremely hard and frozen, but it cannot support heavy structures and is even more difficult to remove, so it is a major obstacle to construction and civil engineering works. It also causes a sudden increase in the amount of water collected by rivers during the spring snowmelt, resulting in floods. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
土壌または風化層のすきまに含まれる水分が凍結し,全層を岩石のように固化させている部分を凍土といい,凍土の存在する地帯をツンドラという。地下の深部では温度が年間を通じて一定に近くなるが,これが氷点下であると凍土が永久に融解しない。これを永久凍土といい,その分布は年平均気温が氷点下の地域とほぼ一致している。気温が0℃をこえる季節には地表付近の凍土は融解するが,永久凍土の層より下方への水分の浸透は不可能であるから,地表の土壌は排水不良のためグライ層や泥炭で特徴づけられるツンドラ土となっている。永久凍土の厚さは数mから数十m,ときには数百mに達するものも知られており,シベリア,カナダ,アラスカの北部に広く分布する。南半球ではチリの南端付近に限定されている。永久凍土はきわめて固く凍結しているが,重量建造物を支える力はないうえに,除去することは一層困難なので,建築,土木工事にとって大きな障害となる。また春の融雪季に河川への集水量を急増させる原因となり,洪水を引起す。
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