Generally refers to Central Asia. In Persian, it means "land of the Turks." It corresponds to the current Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China, as well as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. It may also include Afghanistan. Except for Tajikistan, these regions have many Turkic residents. It is divided into two by the Pamir Plateau, and is also called East Turkestan and West Turkestan. Originally, this region was inhabited by Iranian and Aryan peoples. However, after the control of the Western Turks reached the Amu Darya in the mid-6th century, the name Turkestan appeared in the 7th century. In the 8th century, when Turkish power retreated and Islamic power infiltrated, Islamic geographical books called the area north or east of the Syr Darya Turkestan. Meanwhile, in the mid-9th century, the nomadic Uighurs scattered from the Mongolian Plateau and migrated to the Hexi, Turfan Basin, Tarim Basin, and the Karluk territories of Semireche, where they lived and intermarried with the oasis inhabitants of each region, and also became settlers themselves. Even if the inhabitants only adopted the Turkish language of the ruling power, it can be said that the so-called Turkification was decisive. Later, in the west, the Karakhanids, Samanids, Ghazniids, and Seljuk dynasties, which were deeply influenced by Islam, and in the east, the "Tian Shan Uighur Kingdom," which was mainly Buddhist culture, emerged as powerful governments, and a unique Turkish culture and society was formed, while mixing with Aryan, Iranian, Islamic, and even Chinese culture. This is the so-called "establishment of Turkestan." Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
一般に中央アジアをさす。ペルシア語で「トルコ人の地」という意味。現在の中国のシンチヤン (新疆) ウイグル (維吾爾) 自治区,およびカザフスタン,キルギス,タジキスタン,ウズベキスタン,トルクメニスタン各国の地にあたる。アフガニスタンを含める場合もある。タジキスタンを除いて,これらの地域にはトルコ系住民が多い。パミール高原で二分され,それぞれ東トルキスタン,西トルキスタンともいう。この地域は元来,イラン系,アーリア系住民の地であった。ところが6世紀半ば頃から西突厥の支配がアムダリアに達して以後,7世紀にはトルキスタンの呼称が現れる。8世紀にトルコ勢力が後退し,イスラム勢力が浸透するとイスラム地理書ではシルダリア以北または以東をトルキスタンと呼んだ。一方,9世紀半ばに遊牧ウイグル族はモンゴル高原から四散して,河西,トゥルファン (吐魯番) 盆地,タリム盆地,セミレチエのカルルク領へと移動し,各地のオアシス住民と雑居して混血し,またみずから定着民となっていった。住民が支配勢力の言語であるトルコ語を受け入れただけの場合であっても,いわゆるトルコ化は決定的なものとなっていったといえる。その後,西方ではイスラム教の影響を深く受けながらカラハン朝,サーマン朝,ガズニー朝,セルジューク朝が,東方では仏教文化を主体とした「天山ウイグル王国」がそれぞれ有力な政権として登場し,アーリア系,イラン系の文化,イスラム文化,さらには漢文化と混合しながらも,独自のトルコ的文化,社会が形成された。これが,いわゆる「トルキスタンの成立」である。
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