Husband role - grumble

A term for labor duties seen from the Heian period onwards. Under the Ritsuryo system, there were labor duties such as Yo (originally 10 days of labor per year, but with the payment of 26 shaku of cloth as a substitute), Zoyo (labor collected by the kokushi, 60 days of regular labor), and Soldier Service (Sakimori and Eji), but as Ritsuryo rule retreated, these labor systems collapsed. Instead, provincial government offices and manor lords established the new system of labor collection known as Fuyaku.

Taxes in the Middle Ages include tax (nengu), official duties (kuji), and labor services. Labor services should be considered a form of official duties, and were often levied on a household basis, called zaike. Manorial lords and land stewards made full use of their subjects to transport collected items such as tax to the port. Local land lords such as land stewards also imposed labor services called chikafu and nagafu. Chikafu was a labor service performed at the land steward's base, and was often for three days. Nagafu was a labor service that was longer than chikafu, when the land steward was in Kyoto on official duties in the Kanto region, such as obankyaku, and peasants from the land were called to Kyoto to serve as labor services. In a broad sense, the obankyaku and military service of the land steward and vassals could also be considered a form of labor service.

In the Sengoku period, in addition to the military service imposed on their vassals, the Sengoku daimyo imposed various types of labor on peasants, such as camp labor and construction labor, under the name of "Fumaru." On the other hand, craftsmen were exempted from the various duties of munebetsusen (a fee per ridge), tansen (a fee per tier), and labor, but instead mobilized as national servants. In addition, vassals imposed various labor duties on the peasants in their fiefs, and village communities imposed various duties on their members.

The early modern period was the time when the system of duties was most firmly established, based on the labor conscription system that had existed since the Warring States period. Early modern duties appeared in the form of national duties, which severed the lord-vassal relationship between individual feudal lords and their subjects, and in the process of establishing the relationship between feudal lords and their subjects as groups. Thus, they were inextricably linked to the early modern social class system. Looking at the content of the duties, there were construction duties such as civil engineering works imposed by the shogunate on each domain, and duties imposed by the domain on its subjects. In addition, there were various other duties, such as the assistant village duties established to supplement the duties of horse transport at post stations on the highways, but all of these duties were imposed in the name of the government, and were collected as a reorganization of the system of duties that had been unique to village communities since the Middle Ages. This system of duties was dismantled with the collapse of the shogunate-han system, and they were no longer collected as taxes. However, modern states also forced people to do unpaid labor in the form of public civil engineering works and wartime conscription.

[Kenji Iinuma]

"Keiji Nagahara, 'Research on the Social Structure of Medieval Japan' (1973, Iwanami Shoten) " "Jiro Shimada, 'Feudal System and Villages in Medieval Japan, Vol. 2' (1986, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" "The Society of Historical Studies and the Society of Japanese History, eds., 'Lecture Series on Japanese History: Early Modern Period 1' (1985, University of Tokyo Press)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

平安時代以降にみられる労働役の呼称。律令(りつりょう)制下では、庸(よう)（本来は年10日の労役であったが、代納物として布二丈六尺を納める）、雑徭(ぞうよう)（国司(こくし)の徴発する労役で、正丁(せいてい)60日）、兵士役（防人(さきもり)・衛士(えじ)）などの労働役があったが、律令支配が後退するなかでこれらの労役の体系は崩壊する。それにかわって国衙(こくが)や荘園(しょうえん)領主が新たな労働役の徴収制度として成立させたのが夫役である。

　中世の税といえば、年貢(ねんぐ)・公事(くじ)・夫役があげられるが、夫役は公事の一形態とすべきもので、在家(ざいけ)とよばれる家を単位に賦課されることが多い。荘園領主や地頭(じとう)などは領民を駆使して、年貢以下の徴収物を津（港）へ運送した。また地頭などの在地領主は近夫(ちかふ)・長夫(ながふ)とよばれる夫役を課した。近夫は地頭などの本拠地で勤める労働役で、3日という例が多い。長夫は地頭などが大番役(おおばんやく)などの関東の公事で在京する場合に、領地の百姓を京都に呼び夫役を勤仕させるもので、近夫に比べて長期のものとなった。なお、地頭・御家人(ごけにん)の大番役・軍役なども広義では労働役の一形態といえるであろう。

　戦国時代に入ると、戦国大名は家臣に課した軍役のほかに、農民に対しては「夫丸(ふまる)」などと称して、陣夫や普請人夫などの種々の夫役を課した。一方職人に対しては、棟別銭(むねべつせん)・段(たん)銭・人夫の諸役を免除するかわりに国役(くにやく)として彼らを動員した。また、家臣もその知行地(ちぎょうち)の農民に対して諸夫役を課し、村落共同体もその成員にさまざまな役を賦課した。

　近世は、このような戦国時代以来の労働徴発体制のうえにたって、役の体系がもっとも整備された時代である。近世の役は、国役という形で個別の領主と領民の間で結ばれた主従関係を断ち切り、領主・領民関係を、それぞれを集団として成立せしめる過程で登場した。したがって近世の身分編成とは表裏一体の関係にあった。夫役に限ってその内容をみると、幕府が各藩に対して課した土木工事などの普請役と、藩が領民に課したものがある。そのほか、街道の宿場の伝馬(てんま)役を補うため設けられた助郷(すけごう)役など、さまざまな役があったが、これらの役はすべて公儀の名のもとに課され、中世以来の村落共同体が独自にもっていた役賦課の体制を再編する形で徴収された。このような役の体系は、幕藩体制の崩壊に伴って解体され、税として徴収されることはなくなった。しかし近代国家も、公共の土木工事や戦時徴用という形で民衆に無償の労働を強いたのである。

［飯沼賢司］

『永原慶二著『日本中世社会構造の研究』（1973・岩波書店）』▽『島田次郎著『日本中世の領主制と村落　下』（1986・吉川弘文館）』▽『歴史学研究会・日本史研究会編『講座　日本歴史　近世1』（1985・東京大学出版会）』

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