Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

Japanese: ラッフルズ - らっふるず(英語表記)Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

British colonial manager. Born in Jamaica, he joined the British East India Company as an employee around 1795, becoming a permanent employee in 1800. He left Britain when he got married in 1795 and was posted to Penang on the Malay Peninsula, where he worked as a clerk while devoting himself to the study of Malay language and culture. During the Napoleonic Wars in 1811, the company occupied Java, which was a Dutch colony, and Raffles, who was the initiator of this plan, was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Java at this time, a position he held until 1816, during which he implemented a colonial policy aimed at protecting the residents based on his own ideas, carried out land reforms and administrative reforms, and also studied Javanese culture.

In 1816, he resigned as Lieutenant Governor and returned to the UK, where he published "Description of Java" in two volumes (1817) and argued for the need to establish British colonial rule in Asia. In 1817, he was posted to Asia again as Lieutenant Governor of Bencoolen in Sumatra, where he remained until 1824. During this time, he acquired Singapore Island from the Kingdom of Johor in 1819 as a new base, operated it as a free port, and implemented innovative policies. However, he received strong criticism from within the company that his policies would not be profitable, and due to poor health, he returned to the UK in 1824. The research materials he had collected at this time were lost in a fire on his ship. After returning to the UK, he aspired to become a politician and also tried to establish a museum and a society, but he died suddenly of a stroke on July 5, 1826.

[Shigeru Ikuta]

"The Life of Raffles" by Seizaburo Shinobu (Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの植民地経営者。ジャマイカに生まれ、1795年ごろイギリス東インド会社に雇員として入社、1800年正社員となった。05年結婚すると同時にイギリスを離れてマレー半島のペナンに赴任し、書記として勤務するかたわら、マレー語、マレー文化の研究に没頭した。11年ナポレオン戦争に際して、会社はオランダ領であったジャワを占領したが、この計画の首唱者であったラッフルズは、このときジャワの副総督に任命され、16年まで在任し、独自の主張に基づく住民保護を目的とした植民政策を実行し、土地改革、行政改革を行い、またジャワ文化の研究を行った。

 1816年副総督を辞していったん帰国し、『ジャワ誌』全二巻(1817)を刊行、さらにアジア地域におけるイギリスの植民地支配の確立が必要なことを主張した。17年スマトラのベンクーレンの副総督として再度アジアに赴任し、24年まで在任したが、この間19年に新しい根拠地としてシンガポール島をジョホール王国から獲得し、ここを自由港として経営し、また革新的な内容の政策を実施した。しかし、会社の内部で彼の政策では利益をあげることができないという強い批判を受け、また健康を害したこともあって24年に帰国した。このとき収集した研究材料を船火事のために失った。帰国後政治家を志し、また博物館、学会を創設しようとしたが、26年7月5日脳卒中で急死した。

[生田 滋]

『信夫清三郎著『ラッフルズ伝』(平凡社・東洋文庫)』

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