Humus

Japanese: 腐植 - ふしょく
Humus

Humus is a dark, amorphous organic matter inherent to soil that is formed through two processes, decomposition and humus formation, by microbial action in the soil, of the remains of animals and plants. Soil is often dark black in color because it usually contains humus, and its presence and content can be easily estimated by the shade of the soil color. The term humus is sometimes used in a broad sense to refer to all organic matter in soil. This is because humus is a group of substances with a complex composition and is not a single substance, and its quantity and quality vary significantly from soil to soil. Humus is formed from the remains of animals and plants that have been added to the soil, so it is found in large amounts on the surface of the soil and plays an important role in vegetation. It is indispensable as a storehouse of plant nutrients and as an adhesive between soil particles in the formation of soil aggregate structure. The function of humus is to facilitate the supply of water and nutrients to crops and to make tilling easier, and a large part of the fertility of the soil depends on the quality and quantity of humus. In order to maintain this humus in the soil, it is necessary to replenish the soil with organic matter such as compost every year to maintain the fertility of the soil.

[Yuki Koyama]

[Reference] | Soil microorganisms

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動植物などの生物遺体が土壌中の微生物作用などによって分解と腐植化という二通りの経過を経てできた暗色、無定形の土壌固有の有機物のこと。土が多くの場合暗黒色を呈しているのは通常この腐植を含むためで、土色の濃淡によってその存在と含有量とを容易に推測することができる。腐植という用語は、ときに土の中の有機物全体をさすような広い意味に使われる場合もある。それは、腐植が複雑な組成をもった物質群であり単一の物質ではないためで、その量と質は土壌によって著しく違っている。腐植は土に加わった動植物遺体からできるため土壌の表面に多く存在し、植生に重要な役割を果たしている。植物養分の貯蔵庫として、また土壌の団粒構造の形成に土壌粒子間の接着剤として欠かすことができないものである。腐植の作用により作物への水と養分の供給とが円滑になり耕うんも容易になるなど地力のかなりの部分が腐植の質と量によっている。この腐植を土壌中に保持するためには毎年堆厩肥(たいきゅうひ)などの有機物を土に補給し地力を維持する必要がある。

[小山雄生]

[参照項目] | 土壌微生物

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