Deposit - yokin (English spelling) deposit English

Japanese: 預金 - よきん（英語表記）deposit 英語

Depositing money to a bank or financial institution and requesting that it be kept and managed. Legally, it is a type of consumer deposit contract, and refers to entrusting a bank or financial institution with keeping the money on the condition that the principal is returned. Therefore, from the financial institution's perspective, a deposit is a debt, and from the depositor's perspective, it is a claim for payment against the financial institution. Generally, individuals and companies deposit surplus funds with financial institutions for various purposes.

[Shiro Hara and Osamu Kitai]

Deposit types

In A Treatise on Money (1930), J.M. Keynes classifies deposits into three types: (1) income deposits (those deposited until income is consumed), (2) operating deposits A (productive and trading companies depositing their daily surplus funds), and (3) savings deposits (those that are not consumed, i.e., savings, deposited in the form of deposits). There are two types of deposits, A and B, where A is essentially a deposit that savers hold in the form of savings, and B is a deposit that savers make for the time being because they are pessimistic about securities prices. Of these three types of deposits, (1) and (2) are also called cash deposits, which can be withdrawn at any time upon request, i.e., demand deposits, while (3) is called a savings deposit, which is deposited for a relatively long period of time.

In the United States, there are three types of deposits: demand deposits (deposits which are withdrawn by issuing checks or bills), savings deposits (deposits which are fixed for seven days, after which they can be withdrawn with the day's notice), and time deposits (deposits which require the deposit to be made for a fixed period of seven days or more).

Generally, the characteristics of deposits include: (1) the principal is guaranteed; (2) they are highly liquid, and demand deposits in particular can be used as a means of payment and settlement; and (3) it is possible to invest small amounts of money.

In Japan, there are two types of demand deposits, classified by the period of deposit: current deposits (deposits that are withdrawn by issuing a check) and ordinary deposits (passbook-style deposits that can be deposited and withdrawn at any time and that accrue a small amount of interest). In a broader sense, tax reserve deposits, which depositors use to pay tax, also belong to this category. The main types of savings deposits are notice deposits (deposits with a grace period of at least seven days and obligation to give notice of repayment two days in advance) and term deposits (deposits with a contract that does not repay for a certain period of time, such as three months, six months, one year, or two years). There are also other types of term deposits, such as specified term deposits (deposits that can be withdrawn after one year has passed with a one-month notice of cancellation, but interest is automatically added at compound interest every year for up to three years). There are also some types of savings deposits, such as installment term deposits, that require the depositor to save for a certain period of time. Installment deposits can also be considered a type of savings deposit in the broad sense. This involves deciding on a contract amount, regularly depositing a fixed amount for a set period of time, and receiving the contract amount at maturity. Originally this was the main business of savings banks (which ceased to exist in 1949), but since the repeal of the Savings Bank Law (1981), it has been handled by general deposit-type financial institutions. Other miscellaneous deposits are treated as separate deposits. Furthermore, there are general accounts among deposits. This is an attempt to fulfil the three functions of saving, paying and borrowing with one passbook by adding a current account function to fixed-term deposits and ordinary deposits.

[Shiro Hara and Osamu Kitai]

Deposit interest rates

Before World War II, the upper limit of deposit interest rates was determined by agreement between banks, but after the war, the Temporary Interest Rate Adjustment Act (enacted in 1947) was a system in which the Minister of Finance (current Minister of Finance) proposed a change, and after discussions at the Interest Rate Adjustment Council, the Policy Board of the Bank of Japan decided the upper limit of deposit interest rates for each type of deposit. However, in 1979 (Showa 54), certificates of deposit (CD) were created as interest-free products, and after that, interest rates on large-amount time deposits were liberalized, and market-linked deposits (MMC) were created, whose upper limit of interest rates fluctuate in line with the interest rates on CDs and large-amount time deposits. In 1991 (Heisei 3), the Ministry of Finance (current Ministry of Finance) announced the "Schedule for Future Interest Rate Liberalization," and liberalization was to be carried out in accordance with this, and from that same year, interest rates were free for time deposits with deposit amounts of 3 million yen or more. In 1993, MMC was abolished, and time deposits were structured as super time deposits, large-amount time deposits, and designated-date time deposits, and interest rates were liberalized. Then in 1994, interest rates were completely liberalized, including on liquid deposits such as ordinary deposits and current accounts.

After the Second World War, a small savings tax exemption system (Maruyū system) was introduced to encourage savings. This system treated interest as tax-exempt for deposits with a total principal of 3 million yen or less. However, this system was abolished in principle from April 1, 1988, and a flat separate tax of 20% (15% national tax, 5% local tax) was applied thereafter. Even after that, however, the tax exemption system of up to 3.5 million yen remained for special depositors such as those aged 65 or over and single-parent households, but since January 2006, this system has been changed to one limited to people with disabilities, etc.

[Shiro Hara and Osamu Kitai]

Deposits and Monetary Policy

When financial institutions hold deposits, they must hold assets such as cash and central bank deposits as reserves in preparation for withdrawal requests. The ratio of such reserve assets to deposits is called the reserve ratio, and many countries have a system in place where central banks require central bank deposits to be held at a certain ratio. This is called the reserve requirement system, and is an important tool in the central bank's monetary policy. In Japan, financial institutions that are subject to reserve requirements, such as city banks, regional banks, and trust banks, calculate their required reserve amount by multiplying the average deposit balance for one month from the beginning to the end of the month by the corresponding reserve ratio. The reserve requirement accumulation period is from the 16th of the current month to the 15th of the following month, and each financial institution must accumulate reserves in its current account at the Bank of Japan so that the average balance during this period exceeds the required reserve amount. If the reserve requirement ratio is raised, banks will have to accumulate more reserves at the central bank, which will restrict their investment in income-generating assets such as loans and securities holdings, and will also affect banks' credit creation function.

[Shiro Hara and Osamu Kitai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

銀行や金融機関に金銭を預託し、その保管と運用を依頼すること。法律的には消費寄託契約の一種であり、銀行や金融機関に元本の返還を条件に金銭の保管を委託することをいう。したがって、預金は金融機関側からは債務であり、預金者側からは金融機関に対する支払請求権である。一般に個人や企業の余裕資金がさまざまな目的のために金融機関に預金される。

［原　司郎・北井　修］

預金の種類

J・M・ケインズは『貨幣論』（1930）のなかで、預金を三つに分類している。すなわち、(1)所得預金（所得が消費されるまでの間預金されたもの）、(2)営業預金A（生産企業や商社が日常の余裕資金を預金したもの）、営業預金B（金融機関が日常の余裕資金を他の金融機関に預金したもの）、(3)貯蓄預金（所得のうち消費されない部分、すなわち貯蓄が預金の形で預入れされたもの）、これにもAとBがあり、Aは本来的に貯蓄を預金の形で保有しようとするものであり、Bは有価証券価格に弱気であるため、貯蓄者が当面預金するものをいう。これら3種類の性格の預金のうち、(1)と(2)は現金預金ともいわれ、要求すればいつでも払い出せる預金、すなわち要求払預金であるのに対して、(3)は貯蓄性預金といわれ、比較的長期に預入れされる。

　アメリカでは、要求払預金demand deposit（小切手、手形の振出しによって払出しを行う預金）、貯蓄預金（7日間据え置き、それ以後は前日の通知で払い出すことができる預金）、定期預金time deposit（7日以上の一定期間預入れすることをあらかじめ義務づけられた預金）の3種類がある。

　一般的に預金の特徴として、(1)元本保証であること、(2)流動性が高く、とくに要求払預金は支払い・決済手段として利用できること、(3)少額での資金運用が可能であること、などがあげられる。

　日本では、預金の種類として、預入れ期間による区分から、要求払預金として当座預金（小切手の振出しによって払出しを行う預金）と普通預金（通帳式でいつでも預入れ、払出しができ、若干の利子が付される預金）の2種類があるが、広義では預金者が納税の資金にあてるための納税準備預金もこれに属する。また、貯蓄性預金としては、通知預金（7日間以上の据置き期間があり、2日前に払戻しの予告をすることが義務づけられている預金）と定期預金（3か月、6か月、1年、2年などという一定期間払戻しをしないことをあらかじめ契約した預金）とがおもなものである。定期預金にはこのほか期日指定定期預金（1年経過後、1か月前の解約予告で引き出すことができるが、3年までは1年ごとに複利で利子が自動的に付加される預金）がある。また、積立定期預金のように一定期間積み立てることが条件となっているようなものもある。定期積金も広義の貯蓄性預金といえる。これは契約金額を決め、一定の期間、一定金額を定期的に掛け込み、満期時に契約金額の給付を受けるもので、元来貯蓄銀行（1949消滅）が主業務としていたが、貯蓄銀行法廃止（1981）後は一般の預金型金融機関が取り扱っている。このほかの雑預金を一括して別段預金として処理している。さらに預金のなかに総合口座もある。これは、定期預金と普通預金に当座貸越の機能を加えることによって、1冊の通帳で、貯(た)める、払う、借りるという3機能を果たそうとするものである。

［原　司郎・北井　修］

預金金利

預金金利は、第二次世界大戦前は銀行間の協定で上限が決められていたが、戦後は臨時金利調整法（1947制定）によって、大蔵大臣（現財務大臣）が発議をし、金利調整審議会の議を経て、日本銀行政策委員会が預金の種類ごとに預金金利の上限を決定する仕組みとなっていた。しかし、1979年（昭和54）に譲渡性預金（CD）が金利自由商品として創設され、その後、大口定期預金の金利自由化と、CDや大口定期預金の金利に連動して金利の上限が変動する市場金利連動型預金（MMC）の創設が行われた。1991年（平成3）には大蔵省（現財務省）が「今後の金利自由化スケジュール」を公表し、これに沿って自由化が進められることになり、同年から預入れ金額300万円以上の定期預金が自由金利となった。1993年にはMMCが廃止されて、定期性預金はスーパー定期預金、大口定期預金、期日指定定期預金という商品構成となり、金利は自由化された。そして1994年には、普通預金や当座預金などの流動性預金も含めて金利は完全自由化された。

　なお、預金に対しては、第二次世界大戦後、貯蓄奨励の意味から少額貯蓄非課税制度（マル優制度）が導入されてきた。これは元本の合計が300万円以下の預金に対しては利子を非課税として取り扱うものである。しかし、この制度は1988年4月1日から原則として廃止され、それ以降は一律20％（国税15％、地方税5％）の分離課税が適用されることとなった。ただし、それ以降も65歳以上の高齢者や母子家庭など特別の預金者には350万円までの非課税制度が残っていたが、2006年1月以降は障害者などに限定した制度に改められている。

［原　司郎・北井　修］

預金と金融政策

金融機関は、預金を保有する場合には、払出しの請求に備えて支払準備を現金、中央銀行預け金のような資産でもたなくてはならない。預金に対するこのような支払準備資産の割合を支払準備率というが、とくに中央銀行預け金（準備預金）については、中央銀行が預金に対する一定割合の預入れを義務づける制度をもっている国が多い。これを準備預金制度といい、中央銀行の金融政策の重要な一手段となっている。日本の場合、都市銀行、地方銀行、信託銀行など準備預金の対象金融機関は、月初から月末までの1か月の平均の預金残高に該当する準備率を乗じて、所要準備額を算出する。準備預金の積み期間は、当月の16日から翌月の15日までであり、各金融機関は、この間の平均残高が所要準備額を上回るように、日本銀行の当座預金に準備預金を積み立てなければならない。預金準備率を引き上げると、銀行は中央銀行に、より多くの準備預金を積まなくてはならないので、貸出や有価証券保有など収益資産への運用は制約され、銀行の信用創造機能にも影響を与えることになる。

［原　司郎・北井　修］