Fiber made from wool shorn from sheep. In Europe, wool has been used as a fiber since ancient times, but sheep were imported to Japan relatively recently. Sheep are usually shorn once a year in the spring when the weather gets warmer. Currently, the custom is to cut the sheep open from the abdomen to the left and right with electric clippers, and then remove the wool one by one to make a single piece of fur (fleece). The amount of wool that can be harvested from one sheep is about 3 kilograms for Australian Merino sheep, and the wool (raw wool) that is shorn contains grease, excrement, dirt, etc., but when it is washed and cleaned, it weighs about half as much. There are also differences in length, fineness, and luster of the wool depending on the part of the fleece. The shoulder area produces the best quality wool, which is thin, long, and soft. Wool fibers have unique properties such as a zigzag curled shape (called crimps) and the presence of countless scale-like flakes on the surface of the fibers. The finer the wool, the more crimps there are, the more scales there are, and the more regularly they are arranged. These scales, on the other hand, cause the wool fibers to become entangled and hard clumps (felted), especially when exposed to soapy water, heat, and pressure. Generally, felting is inconvenient for practical use, so many wool products are treated with chlorine to destroy some of the scales. [Namiki Satoru] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヒツジから刈り取った毛の繊維。ヨーロッパでは非常に古くから羊毛を繊維とする習慣があったが、わが国ではヒツジが輸入されたのは比較的新しい。ヒツジは通常年1回、春の温暖になるころに毛を刈り取る。現在は、電気バリカンによって腹部より左右に切り開き、順次はぎ取っていき、一枚の毛皮のような形(フリース)にするのが習慣である。一頭のヒツジから収穫できる羊毛量は、オーストラリアンメリノー種で約3キログラムであり、刈り取ったままの羊毛(原毛)は脂、糞尿(ふんにょう)、土砂などが付着しており、これを洗ってきれいにすると目方は約半分となる。またフリースのなかでも部位によって毛の長さ、細さ、光沢などの差がある。肩の部分は、細くて長く質も柔らかで、もっとも良質の毛を産出する。 羊毛繊維に特有な性質として、ジグザグ形に捲縮(けんしゅく)した形状(クリンプスという)と、繊維表面にうろこ状に無数の鱗片(りんぺん)(スケールという)がある。細い羊毛ほどクリンプスの数は増え、スケール数も多く、配列も規則的となる傾向がある。一方このスケールは縮絨(しゅくじゅう)作用の原因となり、とくにせっけん水と熱と圧力の下では、羊毛繊維が互いに絡み合って硬いかたまりとなる(フェルト化)。一般にフェルト化がおこると実用には不都合なため、塩素処理をしてスケールをすこし破壊した羊毛製品が多い。 [並木 覚] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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