An underdeveloped industry that cannot withstand foreign competition under free trade. JS Mill proposed the idea that if an industry can be developed with appropriate protection and transformed into an industry with comparative advantage in the future, then a protectionist policy (protectionist trade) should be applied to that industry for a necessary period. A protective tariff for such a purpose is called educational duties. CF Basttable later slightly revised this to say that for such a protectionist policy to be justified, the industry must be able to become independent without protection after a certain period of time, and the benefits of improved welfare and external economic effects of technological acquisition must outweigh the welfare decline caused by irrational production during the protection period. Furthermore, the industry must be an infant industry that is weak in competitiveness due to its late start, and must be an industry that is inherently suited to the country (called the Mill-Bastable criterion). Even in the GATT, the protection and development of infant industries by a country is accepted as exceptional. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
自由貿易のもとでは外国との競争に耐えられない未発達の産業。 J.S.ミルは,適切な保護のもとにその育成をはかることによって,将来は比較優位をもつ産業への転換が可能であるなら,必要期間この産業への保護政策 (保護貿易) を適用すべきであるとする考え方を提唱した。そのような目的の保護関税を育成関税 educational dutiesという。その後 C.F.バステーブルはこれを若干修正して,このような保護政策が正当化されるには,ある期間を過ぎれば保護なしでも自立でき,最終的に生じるその国の福祉向上や技術修得の外部経済効果という利益が保護期間中の不合理な生産による福祉低下を上回るものでなければならず,さらに後発性のゆえに幼稚産業で競争力が弱いのであり,元来はその国に適した産業でなければならない (ミル・バステーブル基準という) とした。ガット GATTでも幼稚産業に対する国家の保護,育成は例外的なものとして容認されている。
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