Also called "charter". The forms in which a shipper (charterer) hires a ship owner (operator) to transport cargo include cargo transportation, voyage charter, and long-term transportation, while the forms in which an operator rents a ship from a charterer (ship owner) include time charter, bareboat charter, and special operation entrustment. In Japan's Commercial Code, only voyage charter is considered a charter, but in practice, all forms other than cargo transportation are called charter. Affreightment in a general ship is transportation by a regular ship based mainly on a shipping conference. The contract is made by a bill of lading, and the shipper requests the shipper to transport the cargo according to the rate table. A trip charter (voyage charter) is transportation by a tramp ship, in which the shipper provides the shipper with all or part of the ship in exchange for a freight charge, and transports the cargo on a specific route with the voyage as the unit. In this case, a voyage charter is made, which is actually a transportation contract. There is a standard format, and it includes the ship's name, the type and quantity of cargo, the loading and discharging ports, the time of transportation, the freight charge (charter fee), the burden of cargo handling costs, the berthing period, demurrage and early departure charges, etc. However, the shipper is not only the operator that provides the ship, but also the shipper may charter the ship with another shipper in the same position as the shipper when there is excess load with only his/her own cargo. In addition to the traditional freight charter, there are also tonnage charters and day charters. The charter period can be determined not only by single voyage charter but also by continuous voyage charter. Furthermore, under industrial carriage, the period can be extended from 6 months to 10 years, giving rise to long-term carriage contracts. A time charter is a contract in which an operator borrows a ship with crew from a charterer for a fixed period of time, paying a charter fee, and earns freight. There are various theories about the nature of this contract, but in Japan it is considered to be a mixed contract of leasing and labor provision. A bare charter is a contract in which an operator borrows only a ship from a charterer for a fixed period of time, crews the ship, and operates it as if it were his own ship. This contract is a pure lease contract. An operating agreement is a contract in which the shipowner bears all responsibility for the profitability of the operation, and only entrusts the operation of the ship to an operator with cargo collection capabilities, and pays a fee. The relationship between these operators and charterers is not one of equals, but one of dominance and subordination. [Yoichi Shinohara] "Modern Shipping" edited by Yoichi Shinohara (1985, Tax Accountant Association) " "Business Practice of Oceangoing Shipping" by Hiroo Kawakami and Makoto Nakahashi (1994, Seizando Shoten) [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
チャーターcharterともいう。荷主(用船者)が船舶所有者(運航業者)に貨物を運送させる形態には、個品運送、航海用船、長期運送とがあり、また、運航業者が貸渡(かしわたし)業者(船舶所有者)から船舶を賃借する形態には、定期用船、裸用船、特殊な運航委託とがある。日本の商法では、航海用船のみを用船としているが、実務では個品運送以外をすべて用船とよんでいる。 個品運送affreightment in a general shipは、主として海運同盟を基盤とした定期船による運送であって、その契約は船荷証券をもってかえ、荷主は賃率表に従って運航業者に貨物を依頼する。航海用船trip charter(voyage charter)は、不定期船による運送であって、運航業者が運賃と引き換えに船舶の全部または一部を荷主に提供し、その貨物を航海を単位として特定区間で運送することをいう。その際、航海用船契約が結ばれるが、実態は運送契約である。それには標準書式があり、船名、貨物の種類と数量、積地・揚地、運送の時期、運賃(用船料)、荷役費の負担、停泊期間、滞船料・早出料などが記載されている。ただ、船舶の提供者は運航業者だけでなく、荷主が自分の貨物だけでは余積(よづみ)が生じる場合、自ら運航業者と同じ立場にたって他の荷主と用船契約することがある。航海用船(契約)には、本来の運賃用船のほかに、船腹用船や日貸用船がある。また、用船期間の決め方は、単独航海用船だけでなく、連続航海用船もある。さらに、インダストリアル・キャリッジのもとで、それが6か月から10年にもなり、長期運送(契約)が発生することとなった。 定期用船time charterは、運航業者が貸渡業者から船員の乗り組んだ船舶を一定期間、用船料を支払って借り入れ、運賃を稼ぐ形態である。その契約の性格について諸説があるが、日本では賃貸借と労務提供の混合契約とされている。裸用船bare charterは、運航業者が貸渡業者から船舶のみを一定期間借り入れ、自社の船員を乗り組ませて自社船のように運航する形態である。その契約は純粋な賃貸借契約である。運航委託operating agreementは、船舶所有者が運航採算についていっさいの責任を負い、ただ運航業務のみを集荷力のある運航業者に委託し、手数料を支払う形態である。これら運航業者と貸渡業者の間は対等な取引関係ではなく、支配・従属の関係にある。 [篠原陽一] 『篠原陽一編著『現代の海運』(1985・税務経理協会)』▽『川上博夫・中橋誠著『外航海運の営業実務』(1994・成山堂書店)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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