Noh play - Yokyoku

Japanese: 謡曲 - ようきょく
Noh play - Yokyoku

It refers to the script of Noh, and can also refer to the vocal part, or utai. The word "Yōkyoku" was used in "Yōkyoku shūyōshō" (Yōkyoku 1st Year of the An'ei Era) in 1772, and is now widely used in such books as "Yōkyoku Taikan" (Yōkyoku Daikan), "Yōkyoku Zenshū" (Yōkyoku Complete Works), and "Yōkyoku Shu" (Yōkyoku Collection). Zeami used the word "Nohhon" (Noh book) to refer to the script.

Some Noh plays are inherited by all schools, while others differ depending on the school, and even the same play may have different names, spellings, and texts. The Kanze school passes on the lyrics of the Kanze school, and the Konparu school passes on the lyrics of the Konparu school, but in the case of actual Noh performances, the waki parts are written by the waki actors, and the ai-kyogen are written by the kyogen actors, so in the strict sense, it is difficult to call them performance scripts.

Zeami has written many times about the method of composing lyrics in works such as "Sando", instructing a five-stage structure of jodan, hadan, and kyudan. The text of Noh plays is often based on a combination of typical units called kodan, such as kuri, sashi, kuse, shidai, issei, etc. They also share musical characteristics.

Regarding the composition of Noh plays, the theory that Buddhist monks wrote the lyrics and Noh actors set the tunes was widely circulated until around the Meiji period, but with the discovery of Zeami's writings and the subsequent progress of research, it became clear that most of the plays were actually written by Noh actors. In other words, because Noh is a musical drama, the writing of the lyrics, the composition of the music, and the direction had to all proceed simultaneously, but even so, this is an extremely noteworthy event in the history of world theater.

It was mainly from the Edo period onwards that utai became independent from Noh and began to be performed, appreciated and practiced as su-tai (basic singing), and a huge number of utai-bon (book of songs for singing) were published. The number of actors who teach utai songs also increased, and many people still practice utai today.

In terms of music, Noh plays are roughly divided into parts with rhythm and parts without rhythm, called "kotoba," but kotoba also has a certain intonation, so it is a song in the broad sense of the word. Parts with rhythm can be divided into rhythmless chanting and rhythmic chanting. Noh rhythm is determined by an eight-beat rhythm, and the basic style is flat chanting, which applies 12 notes of 7-5 rhythm to it. There is a distinction between dynamic chu-nori, which allocates 16 notes, and relaxed o-nori, which is one note and one beat long. There are also yowa-gin and tsuyo-gin chanting styles that differ in vocalization, breathing, scale, etc.

[Masuda Shozo]

[Reference items] | Utaihon | Suutai | Noh

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

能の脚本部分をいい、その声楽部分、つまり謡(うたい)をさすこともある。1772年(安永1)の『謡曲拾葉抄』に「謡曲」の語が用いられており、今日では『謡曲大観』『謡曲全集』『謡曲集』などと広く使われる。世阿弥(ぜあみ)は脚本のことを「能本(のうほん)」ということばを用いている。

 能の曲目は、どの流儀にも継承されたものもあり、流儀によって異なるものもあり、同じ曲でも名称や表記、本文に相違がある。観世(かんぜ)流は観世流の、金春(こんぱる)流は金春流の詞章を伝えているが、実際の能の上演の場合、ワキの部分はワキ方の、間(あい)狂言は狂言方の脚本によるから、厳密な意味で上演台本とはいいがたい。

 作詞の方法については、世阿弥が『三道(さんどう)』ほかに多く述べており、序一段、破三段、急一段の五段構成を指示している。謡曲の文章は、小段とよばれる類型的な単元の組合せによることが多い。クリ・サシ・クセ、次第・一セイなど。それらは音楽的特徴も共通している。

 謡曲作者については、僧侶(そうりょ)が作詞して、能役者が節付けしたのだろうなどという説が明治のころまで流布されていたが、世阿弥の伝書の発見、その後の研究の進展によって、ほとんどが能役者の手で創作されたことが明らかになった。つまり、能は音楽劇であるから、作詞と作曲と演出のくふうが同時進行する必要があったが、それにしても、これは世界の演劇史のなかで、きわめて注目すべきことである。

 謡が能から独立して、素謡(すうたい)として演奏され、鑑賞され、あるいは稽古(けいこ)されるようになったのは、主として江戸時代以降のことで、謡のテキストである謡本(うたいぼん)の出版はおびただしい数に上った。謡曲指南の役者も増え、現代も謡を稽古する人が多い。

 謡曲の音楽面では、節のある部分と、節のない「コトバ」とよばれる部分に大別されるが、コトバにも一種の抑揚があり、広義の歌である。節のある部分は、リズムをとらぬ謡い方と、リズムをとる謡い方に分けられる。能のリズムは八拍子に規定され、そこに七五調12音を当てはめる平ノリが基本であり、16音を割り振る躍動的な中ノリ、一音一拍のゆったりした大ノリの区別があり、また発声、息づかい、音階などの相違するヨワ吟とツヨ吟の謡い方がある。

[増田正造]

[参照項目] | 謡本 | 素謡 |

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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