A plateau formed by one or many very fluid lava flows. Most of the larger ones are basalt. They were formed by large-scale fissure eruptions or lava flows from many craters, filling in existing mountain and valley topography to create flat landforms that have now resisted erosion to form plateaus. Although no longer in use, an older classification called them pedionites. Widely distributed lava plateaus are also known as flood basalts. Flood basalts are thought to be the result of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth in the form of plumes (giant inverted teardrop-shaped masses) to produce large amounts of hot magma. The world's most famous lava plateaus are the Deccan Plateau in India, formed at the end of the Cretaceous Period, and the Columbia River Plateau in North America, formed in the Miocene Period, with areas of 500,000 square kilometers and 160,000 square kilometers, respectively. The most extensive flood basalt plateau on Earth is thought to be the Ontong-Java Plateau, which stretches north of the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It was formed about 120 million years ago and has an area of 16 million square kilometers. A smaller one was formed by the fissure eruption of the Laaki volcano in Iceland in 1783. It is a fissure eruption of about 130 craters (fissure craters) over a length of 25 kilometers, and has an area of about 600 square kilometers. [Akira Suwa and Setsya Nakata] [References] | | |©Masazumi Fujita "> Schematic diagram of the structure and morphology of a volcano Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1枚または多数のごく流動性に富んだ大量の溶岩流で形成された台地。大規模なもののほとんどが玄武岩である。大規模な割れ目噴火か、多数の火口からの溶岩流出によって生じ、既存の山谷地形を埋めて平坦(へいたん)な地形をつくり、それが現在では侵食に耐えて台地をつくっている。現在は用いないが、古い分類ではペディオニーテPedioniteという。広大な分布をもつ溶岩の台地は洪水玄武岩ともよばれている。洪水玄武岩は、地球の深部から高温のマントル物質がプリューム状(巨大な逆雫(しずく)状の塊)に上昇して大量の高温のマグマが生産されたためであると考えられている。 世界で著名な溶岩台地は、中生代白亜紀末に形成されたインドのデカン高原と、新生代中新世の北アメリカのコロンビア川台地であり、それぞれ50万平方キロメートルと16万平方キロメートルの分布面積をもつ。地球上でもっとも広大な洪水玄武岩は、太平洋ソロモン諸島の北側に広がるオントン・ジャワ海台であると考えられている。これは約1億2000年前に形成されたもので、分布面積が1600万平方キロメートルに及ぶ。規模の小さいものでは1783年のアイスランドのラーキ火山の割れ目噴火(ラカギガル割れ目噴火)によりできたものがある。長さ25キロメートルにわたる約130個の火口(割れ目火口群)から溶岩が流れ出たもので、約600平方キロメートルの面積をもつ。 [諏訪 彰・中田節也] [参照項目] | | |©藤田正純"> 火山の構造模式図と形態 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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