An operation to transform an expression that contains a radical sign, especially a fractional expression that contains a square root, so as to remove the radical sign from the denominator. This is also called rationalizing the denominator. For example, is an operation to rationalize a denominator. Let Q be the set of all rational numbers and α a rational number that cannot be expressed as a square of a rational number. Then, let Q(√α) be the set of all numbers that can be expressed as a + b √α using rational numbers a and b . Q(√α) is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication, but by using rationalization, it can be seen that it is also closed under division by non-zero numbers. In algebra, a system of numbers that is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by non-zero numbers like this is called a field. The above set of all rational numbers Q and Q(√α) are both fields, and Q(√α) is said to be a quadratic extension of the field of rational numbers Q. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
根号を含む式,特に平方根を含む分数式の分母から,根号を取り除くように式変形する操作。分母の有理化とも呼ぶ。たとえば,は分母の有理化の操作である。Qを有理数全体の集合としてαを有理数の 2乗では表されないような有理数とする。このとき Q(√α)を,有理数 a,b を用いて a+b√αと表される数全体の集合とする。Q(√α)は加法,減法,乗法について閉じているが,有理化を用いると 0でない数による除法についても閉じていることがわかる。代数学では,このように加法,減法,乗法および 0でない数による除法について閉じた数の体系を体と呼ぶ。上の有理数全体 Qおよび Q(√α)はともに体であり,Q(√α)は有理数体 Qの 2次拡大であるという。
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