Touré, Amadou Toumani

Japanese: トゥーレ（英語表記）Touré, Amadou Toumani

Born November 4, 1948 in Mopti, French Sudan (now Mali).
[Died]2020.11.10. Istanbul, Turkey Amadou Toumani Touré. Malian politician and military leader. Commonly known as ATT (Ateté). Served as Mali's national leader twice, as interim head of state (1991-92) and president (2002-12). He aimed to be a teacher, but joined the military in 1969 and received training in France and the Soviet Union. On March 26, 1991, he led a coup to overthrow the Moussa Traoré government. Because Traoré had adopted repressive policies, Touré was credited with acting for the people and bringing stability and democracy to the country. He resigned as head of state on June 8, 1992, and spent the next 10 years working in the field of public health. In 1992, he became chairman of an organization that aimed to eradicate the endemic disease Guinea worm disease, and was involved in the eradication of childhood diseases, including poliomyelitis (polio), and in AIDS prevention activities in Africa. He also worked to resolve conflicts in Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which are in the Great Lakes region of Africa, and in 2001 he was sent as a special envoy of the UN Secretary-General to the Central African Republic, where a coup had occurred. In 2002, he ran as an independent in his country's presidential election, won the first round of voting on April 28, and won with 65% of the vote in the runoff election on May 12 with the support of more than 40 political parties, and was inaugurated as president on June 8. In 2007, he ran again as an independent, and was supported by a coalition of more than 40 political parties, and was re-elected on April 29 without waiting for the runoff election. Although he continued to run a stable government for a while, Tuareg Islamic rebels in northern Mali rose up in revolt, drawing criticism for Touré's response, and on March 21-22, 2012, the national army staged a coup and ousted Touré. With the mediation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), he formally resigned as president the following April 8. He died in Türkiye, where he had been for medical treatment.

Thule
Touré, Ahmed Sekou

Born: January 9, 1922, Farana
Died: March 26, 1984. Cleveland. Guinean politician. Descendant of Samori Touré, who fought against French colonialism in the late 19th century. One of the most radical independence fighters in former French Africa, he led the independence movement based on the labor movement. He joined the labor movement while working as a postal worker, and in 1950 became Secretary General of the French West Africa branch of the General Confederation of Labor (CGT), which was affiliated with the French Communist Party. During this time, he joined the Union for Democratic Affairs of Africa (RDA), a trans-regional party in French West Africa. In 1952, he became Secretary General of the Guinean branch of the RDA, the Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG). In 1956, he was elected to the French National Assembly, and in January 1957, he founded the General Confederation of Black African Workers (UGTAN) and became its Secretary General, playing a key role in leading the African labor movement along the path of independence and autonomy. In May of the same year, he became Deputy Prime Minister of the Guinean Autonomous Government, opposed the French Fifth Republic Constitution of 1958, and voted for independence in a national referendum in September, achieving complete independence for Guinea outside the French Community that same year, and was elected its first president. He was subsequently re-elected six times, in 1961, 1963, 1968, 1974, and 1982. He sympathized with K. Nkrumah's African Unity Movement, and treated Nkrumah well when he was exiled from Ghana. Although he was strongly influenced by Marxism-Leninism, he developed a unique African form of socialism known as communocracy. In 1960, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.

Thule
Thouret, Jeanne-Antide

Born: November 27, 1765, Sancerrelon
[Died] August 24, 1826. A saint from Naples, France. She joined the Vincentian Sisters in 1788. She fled to Switzerland in 1795 due to the Great Revolution. In 1799, she founded the Virgins of Charity in Besançon and dedicated herself to charity and the education of women. Her feast day is August 24.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1948.11.4. フランス領スーダン（現マリ），モプティ
[没]2020.11.10. トルコ，イスタンブール
アマドゥ・トゥマニ・トゥーレ。マリの政治家，軍事指導者。通称 ATT（アテテ）。暫定国家元首（在任 1991～92），大統領（在任 2002～12）とマリの国家指導者を 2度にわたって務めた。教師を目指していたが，1969年に軍隊に入隊，フランスとソビエト連邦で訓練を受ける。1991年3月26日，クーデターでムーサ・トラオレ政権を打倒。トラオレは抑圧的な政策をとっていたため，トゥーレは民衆のために行動し，国に安定と民主主義をもたらしたとの評価を得た。1992年6月8日に国家元首を辞し，その後の 10年間は公衆衛生分野の仕事に従事した。1992年に風土病のメジナ虫症の撲滅を目指す団体の委員長に就任したほか，急性灰白髄炎（ポリオ）をはじめとする子供の病気の根絶運動やアフリカにおけるエイズ対策活動にかかわった。一方で，アフリカ大湖沼地域にあるルワンダやブルンジ，コンゴ民主共和国の紛争解決にも乗り出し，2001年にはクーデターの発生した中央アフリカ共和国に国連事務総長特使として派遣された。2002年に自国の大統領選挙に無所属で立候補，4月28日の第1回投票で最多得票，5月12日の決選投票で 40以上の政党の支持を受けて得票率 65%で当選し，6月8日に大統領に就任した。2007年に再び無所属で立候補，40以上の政党による政党連合の支持を受け，決選投票を待たず 4月29日に再選を果たした。しばらく安定な政権運営を続けたものの，マリ北部でトゥアレグ族系のイスラム反政府勢力が蜂起，トゥーレの対応に批判が集まり，2012年3月21～22日に国軍がクーデターを起こしてトゥーレを追放した。西アフリカ諸国経済共同体 ECOWASの仲介により，翌 4月8日正式に大統領を辞任した。病気治療のため訪れていたトルコで死去。

トゥーレ
Touré， Ahmed Sékou

[生]1922.1.9. ファラナ
[没]1984.3.26. クリーブランド
ギニアの政治家。 19世紀末にフランス植民地主義と闘ったサモリ・トゥーレの子孫。旧フランス領アフリカきっての急進的独立運動の闘士で，労働運動を基盤に独立運動を指導した。郵便局員時代に労働運動に入り，1950年フランス共産党系の労働総同盟 CGTの傘下のフランス領西アフリカ支部書記長に就任。この間，フランス領西アフリカの超地域的政党アフリカ民主連合 RDAに入党。 52年同党のギニア支部，ギニア民主党 PDGの書記長となった。 56年フランス国民議会議員に当選，57年1月には黒アフリカ労働者総同盟 UGTANを創設して書記長となり，アフリカの労働運動に独立自主の路線を歩ませる役割を果した。同年5月ギニア自治政府副首相，58年フランス第五共和国憲法に反対し，9月の国民投票で独立を選び，同年フランス共同体の枠外でギニアの完全独立を達成，初代大統領に選ばれた。その後 61，63，68，74，82年と6選している。 K.エンクルマのアフリカ統一運動に共鳴，ガーナから追われたエンクルマを手厚く遇した。マルクス＝レーニン主義の影響を強く受けながらも，コミュノクラシーという独特のアフリカ的社会主義を発展させた。 60年レーニン平和賞受賞。