Uthman (English spelling)

Japanese: ウスマーン(英語表記)`Uthmān
Uthman (English spelling)
[Born] 574, Mecca
[Died] June 656. The third caliph of the Islamic state of Medina (reigned 644-656). He was from the Umayyad family of the Quraysh tribe. He was a wealthy merchant and one of the early converts to Islam. He married Muhammad's daughter Ruqayyah, and after her death he married another daughter Umm Kulthum, but left no descendants in that line. He moved to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and joined Muhammad in his hijra (transmigration) to Medina. He was appointed by the second caliph, Umar I, as a member of the successor selection committee, and was elected as the third caliph by mutual vote. His gentle personality made him the best person to continue Umar's policies. In the first half of his reign, the conquests made steady progress, but in the second half, the conquests slowed down and contradictions within the Islamic state began to surface. He appointed members of the Umayyad family to centralize the administration and strengthen control over Arab warriors. He also established a standard copy of the Quran, which changed the way it was read in different places. These policies caused discontent among Arab warriors and Quran reciters, and it was said that his indecisive personality was the cause of the stagnation of the conquest project. Dissatisfied people gathered in groups from all over and stormed Medina, demanding that he be held responsible. Political leaders in Medina also secretly instigated the dissatisfied people, and eventually some extremists killed Uthman. From this point on, the Islamic state entered a period of civil war.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]574頃.メッカ
[没]656.6. メジナ
イスラム国家第3代カリフ (在位 644~656) 。クライシ族ウマイヤ家の出身。裕福な商人で,早くからイスラムに改宗した者の一人。ムハンマドの娘ルカイヤと結婚し,彼女の死後にもう1人の娘ウンム・クルスームをめとったが,その系統では子孫を残していない。アビシニア (エチオピア) に移住し,ムハンマドのメジナへのヒジュラ (聖遷) に合流した。第2代カリフ,ウマル1世によって,その後継者選出委員会の一員に指名され,その互選により第3代カリフに選出された。彼の温厚な人柄が,ウマルの政策をそのまま継承するに最適と判断されたからである。その治世の前半は征服事業が順調に発展したが,後半になると征服事業が一段落してイスラム国家内部の矛盾が表面化してきた。彼はウマイヤ家一門の者を登用して行政の中央集権化をはかり,アラブ戦士への統制を強化した。また『コーラン』の標準本を定めて,各地で異なった方法で読まれていた状態を改めた。このような政策はアラブ戦士やコーラン誦承者の不満を呼び,さらに征服事業が停滞したのも彼の優柔不断な性格のせいであるとされた。不満分子が各地から隊を組んでメジナに押寄せ,彼の責任を追及した。メジナにいた政界の実力者たちも不満分子を陰で扇動し,ついに一部の過激派がウスマーンを殺害した。これ以後イスラム国家は内乱の時代に入る。

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