A state established by nomadic peoples. Nomadic pastoralism is an extremely unrestrained and unplanned form of production, so there was a certain limit to the development of productivity. Therefore, clans, which are ancient social groups, were preserved for a long time, and the state that was formed on top of that was also accompanied by an element of blood ties. In other words, in nomadic states, clans with close bloodlines gathered together to form tribes, tribes gathered together to establish states, and the most powerful tribal chief among them usually became the ruler. For this reason, nomadic states were characterized by being tribal confederations. For example, in the Xiongnu, the Liantei clan, which produced the Chanyu, and the Huyan, Subo, Lan, and Qiulin clans, which had the privilege of intermarrying with them, formed the ruling class, and below them were tribes such as the Dingling, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Hujie, which were united as the ruled class. The Eastern Turks were a tribal confederation with the "aristocratic clans" consisting of the Ashina clan, which produced the Khagan (Khan), and the Ashidoku clan, which intermarried with them, as its core, and the "commoner tribes" consisting of the Tiele, Kyrgyz, Karluk, Rouran, Khitan, and Mohe tribes, which were ruled by them. In addition, the fact that the Uighur state is called the Nine Uighurs indicates that it was a confederation of nine major tribes. As mentioned above, nomadic production has little potential for development, so the nomadic states of North Asia always controlled Turkestan, controlled the transportation routes connecting China with West Asia or India, and seized various goods and products as tolls from the caravans that used the routes. The nomadic states guaranteed the safety of their traffic, and in return, the caravans provided them with goods and products, which gave the nomadic states economic benefits. The Xiongnu, Turks, Uighurs, and others fought against the various Chinese dynasties for control of Turkestan, and Genghis Khan sent caravans to the Khwarezmian Shahs, all in order to control the East-West trade routes. In addition, the nomadic states gained profits by trading furs, a specialty of the northern forest regions, to China, and Chinese silk products and agricultural products to the north. The development of the nomadic states was never simply a military action, but was aimed at controlling such commercial routes and developing markets. The nomadic states of North Asia played a major role in the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations because they controlled important East-West transportation routes. [Masao Mamoru] “Ancient Nomadic Empire” by Masao Go (Chuko Shinsho) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
遊牧民族が建てた国家。遊牧はきわめて粗放、無計画な生産形態であるため、生産力の発展には一定の限度があった。したがって古い社会集団である氏族が長い間温存され、そのうえに形成される国家にも血縁的要素が付きまとった。すなわち遊牧国家では、血統的に近い氏族が集まって部族をつくり、部族が集合して国家を建て、そのうちもっとも有力な部族長が君主になるのが普通であった。このため遊牧国家の特徴は部族連合国家である点にあり、たとえば匈奴(きょうど)では、単于(ぜんう)を出す攣鞮(れんてい)氏族、およびこれと通婚する特権をもつ呼衍(こえん)、須卜(すぼく)、蘭(らん)、丘林(きゅうりん)諸氏族が支配階層をなし、その下に丁令(ていれい)、鮮卑(せんぴ)、烏桓(うがん)、呼掲(こけい)などの諸部族が被支配階層として連合していた。また東突厥(ひがしとっけつ)は、ハガン(可汗)を出す阿史那(あしな)氏族およびこれと通婚する阿史徳(あしとく)氏族からなる「貴族たる氏族群」を中核とし、その周囲に鉄勒(てつろく)、キルギス、カルルク、柔然(じゅうぜん)、契丹(きったん)、靺鞨(まっかつ)など被支配部族を、「平民たる部族群」として従え集めた部族連合国家であった。そのほか、ウイグル国家が九姓ウイグルとよばれているのも、それが主要な9個の部族からなる連合体であったことを示している。 以上のように、遊牧生産は発展性に乏しいため、北アジアの遊牧国家はかならずトルキスタンを支配下に収め、中国と西アジアまたはインドとを結ぶ交通路を抑えて、それを利用する隊商から各種の物資、商品を通行税として収奪した。隊商は遊牧国家によって交通の安全を保障され、遊牧国家はその代償として隊商から物資、商品を納めさせて経済的利益を得た。匈奴をはじめ突厥、ウイグルなどがトルキスタンの支配をめぐって中国の諸王朝と戦ったのも、またチンギス・ハンがホラズム(フワーリズム)・シャー朝に隊商を派遣したのも、東西交易路を掌握するためであった。そのほか遊牧国家は、北方の森林地帯の特産物である毛皮類を中国へ、中国の絹製品、農産物を北方へ中継貿易することによって利益を得た。遊牧国家の発展は、けっして単なる軍事行動ではなく、このような商業路の支配と市場の開拓とを目的とするものだったのである。北アジアの遊牧国家が東西文明の交流に大きな役割を果たしたのは、それらが重要な東西交通路を支配していたからである。 [護 雅夫] 『護雅夫著『古代遊牧帝国』(中公新書)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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