Nomadism - Yuuboku

Japanese: 遊牧 - ゆうぼく
Nomadism - Yuuboku

It is a primitive grazing method in which people move around with their livestock in search of natural grass and water. Nomadism developed in the deserts and semi-deserts that run across Central Asia, Western Asia, and northern Africa, in the marginal areas that are unsuitable for farming. With the exception of a few oases, most of these areas are in harsh environmental conditions, being arid and nearly barren, and the inhabitants have no choice but to depend on raising and using livestock for their livelihood. Herbivorous livestock are adapted to the oases and savannas of these desert regions, and sheep and camels are particularly emblematic of nomadic livestock. The humps of camels and the tails and rump of sheep store fat and other nutrients in these areas, which makes it possible for them to endure a long nomadic lifestyle when they move. Nomads move with their entire families and their livestock, following water and grass, using the milk and meat of the livestock for food and the wool and fur for clothing and tents, and also exchanging sheep for grain with farmers along the way, or selling livestock and their products in urban markets to earn cash. However, with the productivity of pastures declining year by year, and with issues such as border problems and livestock disease prevention, governments are working to settle the nomads, making nomadic herding difficult. Separately, reindeer herding is practiced in the steppes and tundra of northern Eurasia, but since reindeer, even though domesticated, retain the nomadic ecology of wild reindeer, in this case the nomadic form is one in which people follow the reindeer herds.

[Nishida Tomoko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自然の草と水を求めて家畜群を伴って各地に移動してゆく原始的な放牧方式をいう。遊牧は、中央アジア、西アジア、アフリカ北部にかけて幅広く帯状に走る砂漠あるいは半砂漠地帯の、農耕に不利な農耕限界地で発達した。これらの地域はわずかなオアシスを除き大部分が不毛に近い乾燥地帯という厳しい環境条件下にあるため、住民の生活は家畜の飼養とその利用に依存せざるをえない。このような砂漠地帯のオアシスやサバンナに適応するのは草食家畜であり、そのなかでもヒツジとラクダは遊牧民の家畜の象徴である。ラクダの背のこぶやヒツジの尾、臀部などは、それらの局部へ脂肪その他の栄養分を蓄積することによって移動時の飼料欠乏を補い、長い遊牧生活に耐えうる条件を備えるようになったものである。遊牧民は全家族とこれらの家畜とともに水と草を追って移動し、家畜の乳や肉などは食料に、毛や毛皮は衣服やテントに利用するほか、移動の途中でヒツジを沿道の農民の穀物と交換したり、都市の市場で家畜やその製品を売って現金を得る。しかし年々放牧地の生産性が減少しているのとあわせて、国境問題、家畜の防疫などの問題を伴うため、各国政府が遊牧民の定着化に努めていることから、遊牧が困難になりつつある。これとは別にユーラシア北部のステップやツンドラ地帯ではトナカイの遊牧が行われているが、トナカイは家畜化しても野生トナカイの遊牧的生態を有しているため、この場合はトナカイ群の移動に人が追随するような遊牧形態となっている。

[西田恂子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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