Court etiquette and customs - Yusoku Kojitsu

In ancient times, the word "Yusoku" was written as "Yushiki" and meant to be knowledgeable and to be well versed in history, literature, and court ceremonies. In the entry for July 790, the 9th year of the Enryaku era under Emperor Kanmu in the "Shoku Nihongi," it is written, "Emperor Ojin ordered the distant ancestor of the Jomo clan, Arata no Wakeshi, to visit Baekje to search for knowledgeable people," and it is said that an envoy was sent to Baekje to visit knowledgeable people and make them the teachers of the crown prince. In the entry for May 863, the "Sandai Jitsuroku," it is written, "Knowledgeable Shikibu Shoyu, Junior Fifth Rank, Ono no Ason Takamura," and it means a person with a wealth of knowledge and talent. In the "Maiden" chapter of "The Tale of Genji," it is said that Genji's eldest son, Yugiri, "is truly a man of lies who is unparalleled under the heavens," while in the "Okagami" it is said that Fujiwara (Ononomiya) Saneyori "is generally kind in all matters."

Kōjitsu also meant ancient facts and examples, but the word kōjitsu also appears in the announcement of the Ise offering of offerings in December 869 in the Sandai Jitsuroku, and in Ruiju Kokushi 147, the petition to compile national history, which reads "Soushi wo ni kojitsu." Thus, in the early Heian period, the meaning of kōjitsu came to be included in yūsoku. From the mid-Heian period onwards, as the history of government positions became more and more popular in the imperial court, books such as Shokugensho were written, and the history of official positions began to be studied, and shiki came to be written as shoku. The study of the origins of the authority of ceremonies, history, and the Ritsuryo Kakushiki system is called yūsoku kōjitsugaku. Performing the daily and monthly ceremonies according to etiquette became the main duty of courtiers, and court etiquette and customs came to be highly valued.

The yusoku of the nobles began during the reign of Emperor Saga, and Fujiwara Tadahira, the regent during the reigns of Emperors Murakami and Suzaku, was well versed in yusoku. His sons Saneyori, Morosuke, and Morotada also inherited Tadahira's ceremonial etiquette, and took the names Ononomiya, Kujo, and Koichijo, respectively. In the Middle Ages, when the era of the samurai began, the ceremonial rites of the samurai came to be called kojitsu in contrast to the yusoku of the nobles, and there was a custom of calling the ceremonial rites of the nobles yusoku and those of the samurai yusoku yusoku, but in the early modern period, the study of yusoku kojitsu became established. Yusoku kojitsu respects the typical forms of rituals that had been established statically, and is a necessary basis for the social life of the nobles and samurai.

[Yutaka Yamanaka]

"Japanese Beauty and Culture 5: Court Traditions" by Ema Tsutomu (1965, Kawahara Shoten)" ▽ "Illustrated Guide to Court Traditions" edited by Kawabiren Sanehide (1971, Tokyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Kadokawa Small Dictionary 17: Court Traditions: Japanese Classics" edited by Murofushi Shinsuke et al. (1978, Kadokawa Shoten)" ▽ "Courtesy of Court Traditions: Illustrated Collection of Japanese Language and Literature Materials" edited by Suzuki Keizo, all 3 volumes (1983, Zenkyozu, published by Toji Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "Great Ceremonies and Morning Rites" by Izumoji Tsujiro (1988, Rinkawa Shoten)" ▽ "Collected Works of Ema Tsutomu 10" edited by Izutsu Masafu et al. (1988, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "Collection of Court Traditions" edited by Yamagami Izumo and written by Yamagami Tadamaro (1993, Omonji Shoten)" ▽ "Yusoku Kojitsu, Volumes 1 and 2, written by Sadakichi Ishimura and edited by Yoshito Arashi (Kodansha Academic Library)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

有職は、古くは有識と書き、博識なること、歴史、文学、朝廷の儀礼によく通じていることをいう。『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』の桓武(かんむ)天皇の延暦(えんりゃく)9年（790）7月の条の上表文に「応神天皇命上毛氏遠祖荒田別使於百済搜‐聘有識者」とあり、百済に使を遣じて有識者を聘し、これを皇太子の師としたとある。『三代実録』の貞観(じょうがん)5年（863）5月の条には「有識式部少輔従五位下小野朝臣篁」とあって、博識の才学をもつ人をいう。『源氏物語』「少女(おとめ)」には、源氏の長男夕霧(ゆうぎり)のことを「まことに天の下並ぶ人なきいうそくにはものせらるめれど」とあり、『大鏡(おおかがみ)』には、藤原（小野宮(おののみや)）実頼(さねより)のことを「大かた何事にもいうそくに御心うるはしく」とある。

　故実は、同じく古(いにしえ)の事実、古例を意味したが、『三代実録』貞観11年（869）12月の伊勢(いせ)奉幣の告文にも故実という語がみえ、『類聚国史(るいじゅうこくし)』147・国史編修の上表文にも「総而書以備故実」とみえる。こうして平安朝の初期には有職のなかに故実の意味が含まれてくる。平安朝中期以後は、宮廷に官職の歴史を調べることが盛んになってくることから、『職原抄(しょくげんしょう)』などの書物が叙述されるに至って、官職の典故沿革などを研究することが行われるようになり、識を職と書くようになった。そして、儀式の典拠の起源由来から歴史、律令格式(りつりょうきゃくしき)の制度などを調べる学を有職故実学という。毎日、毎月の儀式を作法に従って行うことが宮廷人の主要な勤めとなり、有職故実はたいせつにされるに至った。

　公家(くげ)の有職は嵯峨(さが)天皇のときより始まり、村上(むらかみ)天皇および朱雀(すざく)天皇時代の摂政(せっしょう)藤原忠平(ただひら)は有職に詳しく、その子の実頼、師輔(もろすけ)、師尹(もろただ)も、それぞれ忠平の儀式作法を受け継ぎ、小野宮、九条、小一条流を名のった。中世、武家の世に入ると、公家の有職に対して武家の儀式典礼を故実とよぶようになり、公家の儀式典礼を有職、武家のそれを故実とよぶ習慣もみられたが、近世に至り、有職故実の学が定着した。有職故実は静的に定着した儀式の典型を尊重するもので、公家・武家の社会生活のうえに、必要な根拠となるものである。

［山中　裕］

『江馬務著『日本の美と教養5　有職故実』（1965・河原書店）』▽『河鰭実英編『有職故実図鑑』（1971・東京堂出版）』▽『室伏信助他編『角川小辞典17　有職故実　日本の古典』（1978・角川書店）』▽『鈴木敬三編著『有職故実　国語・国文資料図集』全3冊（1983・全教図、冬至書房新社発売）』▽『出雲路通次郎著『大礼と朝儀』（1988・臨川書店）』▽『井筒雅風他編『江馬務著作集10』（1988・中央公論社）』▽『山上伊豆母編、山上忠麿著『有職故実論集』（1993・大文字書店）』▽『石村貞吉著、嵐義人校訂『有職故実』上下（講談社学術文庫）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例