An Islamic dynasty (661-750) founded by Muawiyah I, a member of the Umayyad family of the Quraysh of Mecca, with Damascus as its capital. All 14 caliphs were from the Umayyad family (the first three were from the Sufyan family, and the remaining 11 were from the Marwan family), so the dynasty took its name from that. Muawiyah I, who reunited the Islamic nation after the First Civil War (656-661), set the national goal of his dynasty as the national unification of Islamic society and the expansion of the Islamic world, and sought the basis for this in Arab national solidarity. The conquering Arab tribesmen were stationed as soldiers (muqatira) in military cities (misr) such as Kufa, Basra, and Fustat, and engaged in wars of expansion while ruling over non-Arab peoples as a ruling group. On the other hand, the ruled non-Arabs were scattered throughout the vast conquered territories, and most of them were farmers except for those engaged in commerce and industry. Taxes (jizya or haraj) were collected collectively for each village community, and freedom of religion was guaranteed in return. Some of them converted to Islam (mawali) in an attempt to avoid tax burdens, but they were not allowed to be exempt from taxes. In this way, under the dynasty, Arab Muslims enjoyed exclusive privileges throughout society. For this reason, the dynasty is also called the "Arab Empire." Furthermore, because national unity of society was given priority, political power was maintained and strengthened under the dynasty, which was relatively different from the previous orthodox caliphate, and this often conflicted with Islamic ideals. For example, the monopoly of the caliphate by the Umayyad family and the succession of the caliphate by Muawiyah I to his son Yazid I. For these reasons, many later Muslims, Muslim jurists, and political thinkers, especially Shiites, call the dynasty a secular, dynastic state (mulk) that deviated from a true Islamic state. The dynasty was on the brink of collapse due to the tragic death of Husayn at Karbala in 680 and the death of Yazid I in 683. This is known as the Second Civil War (683-692). Abd al-Malik put an end to the civil war and worked to centralize and Arabize the state. As a result, the movement of conquests resumed under the reign of Walid I, and the dynasty entered its golden age. However, the conflict between the government and the Arab muqatirahs that had continued since the previous era, the antagonism between the Arab muqatirahs due to tribal faction, sporadic uprisings by Shiites and Kharijites as anti-Umayyad movements, dissatisfaction among the Mawali, and factional strife within the Umayyad family all intertwined, and the dynasty's control gradually weakened. The national reconstruction plans of Umar II and Hisham were already too late, and the dynasty was on the road to collapse. In 747, Abu Muslim, a propagandist for the Abbasid dynasty, raised an army in Merv, Khorasan, and in 749, Saffah (the founder of the Abbasid dynasty) declared himself caliph in Kufa. In 750, Marwan II was killed in Upper Egypt, where he had fled, and the Umayyad dynasty was destroyed. Hisham's grandson, Abd al-Rahman I, escaped from the Abbasids and restored the Umayyad dynasty in Cordoba in 756 (the Later Umayyad dynasty). The Umayyad state system was essentially a military system for expansion, with a simple governing structure and a largely decentralized system. As a result of continuous foreign wars, the Umayyad dynasty controlled the largest territory of any single Islamic state, stretching from the Pyrenees in the west to Central Asia and northwestern India in the east. It was in a constant state of war with the Byzantine Empire, and repeated expeditions to Constantinople were attempted (677-679, 717, 718), but trade between the two countries continued uninterrupted. This was the cradle of Islamic culture, when Islamic disciplines such as law, folklore, and history were born. The Arab world, which had no significant cultural traditions other than poetry, actively accepted the advanced cultures of the conquered lands and revived them in an Islamic way. Symbolic of this are the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, and the Citadel of Mushat. [Hanada Ushu] "Islamic State and Society" by Johei Shimada (1977, Iwanami Shoten) [References] |©Shogakukan "> Umayyad Dynasty/Brief Family Tree Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
メッカのクライシュ人、ウマイヤ家出身のムアーウィヤ1世がダマスカスを首都として建設したイスラム王朝(661~750)。14代のカリフのすべてがウマイヤ家(初めの3人はスフヤーン家、あとの11人はマルワーン家)出身であったので、それが王朝名となった。 第一次内乱(656~661)というイスラム国家の分裂を再統一したムアーウィヤ1世は、同朝の国家目標をイスラム社会の国家的統一とイスラム世界の拡大に定め、その基盤をアラブの民族的連帯に求めた。征服者アラブ諸部族民は、クーファ、バスラ、フスタートなどの軍事都市(ミスル)に軍人(ムカーティラ)として常駐し、拡大戦争に従事しつつ、支配者集団として非アラブ諸民族に君臨していた。一方、被支配者非アラブは、広大な征服地に散在していたが、商工業に従事する者以外はほとんど農民で、村落共同体ごとに一括して租税(ジズヤあるいはハラージュ)を取り立てられ、そのかわり信教の自由は保証されていた。彼らのなかには租税負担を免れようとしてイスラム教に改宗する者(マワーリー)がいたが、租税の免除は認められなかった。このように、同朝の下でアラブ・ムスリムは排他的特権を社会の至る所で享受していた。そのため同朝は「アラブ帝国」ともよばれる。 また社会の国家的統一が優先されたため、前代の正統カリフ時代とは相対的に異なって、同朝下で政治権力の維持、強化がなされ、それがしばしばイスラムの理念と抵触した。たとえば、カリフ位のウマイヤ家による独占や、ムアーウィヤ1世による実子ヤズィード1世へのカリフ位継承がそれである。このような点から、とくにシーア派がそうであるが、後世のムスリムやムスリム法学者、政治思想家のなかには、同朝は真のイスラム国家から逸脱した世俗、王朝国家(ムルク)とよぶ者が多い。 680年フサインのカルバラーでの惨死、683年ヤズィード1世の死によって、同朝は存亡の危機に瀕(ひん)した。これを第二次内乱(683~692)という。アブドゥル・マリクは内乱を終結させ、国家の中央集権化、アラブ化に努めた。その結果、次のワリード1世の時代に征服運動も再開され、同朝は黄金時代を迎えた。しかし、以後、前代から続いていた政府とアラブ・ムカーティラの対立、アラブ・ムカーティラ間の部族的党派心による反目、反ウマイヤ朝運動としてのシーア派やハワーリジュ派の散発的蜂起(ほうき)、マワーリーの不満、ウマイヤ家内部の派閥抗争などが相関しあい、同朝の支配体制はしだいに緩んだ。ウマル2世やヒシャームの国家再建策もすでに遅く、同朝は崩壊への道を進んだ。 747年アッバース家の宣伝員(ダーイー)アブー・ムスリムはホラサーンのメルブで挙兵し、749年サッファーフ(アッバース朝創始者)はクーファでカリフを宣言した。750年マルワーン2世が逃亡先の上エジプトで殺害され、ウマイヤ朝は滅亡した。ヒシャームの孫のアブドゥル・ラフマーン1世は、アッバース朝の追っ手を逃れ、756年コルドバでウマイヤ朝を再興した(後(こう)ウマイヤ朝)。 ウマイヤ朝の国家体制は本質的に拡大のための軍事体制であり、支配機構も単純で、多分に地方分権的であった。対外戦争が継続された結果、同朝の支配した領域の広さは、単独政権としてはイスラム史上第一で、西はピレネー山脈から、東は中央アジア、西北インドに及んでいた。ビザンティン帝国とは恒常的な戦闘状態にあり、コンスタンティノープルへの再三の遠征も試みられた(677~679、717、718)が、両国間の通商は絶えることなく続いていた。 この時代はイスラム文化の揺籃(ようらん)期で、法学、伝承学、歴史学などのイスラムの諸学問が生まれた。詩のほかにさしたる文化的伝統のなかったアラブは、征服地の先進文化を積極的に受容し、それをイスラム的に再生した。それを象徴するのが、エルサレムの「岩のドーム」、ダマスカスの「ウマイヤ・モスク」、ムシャッターの城などである。 [花田宇秋] 『嶋田襄平著『イスラム国家と社会』(1977・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> ウマイヤ朝/略系図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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